Decoupling local classicality from classical explainability: A noncontextual model for bilocal classical theory and a locally-classical but contextual theory

Sina Soltani; Marco Erba; David Schmid; John H.Selby

doi:10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2142

Decoupling local classicality from classical explainability: A noncontextual model for bilocal classical theory and a locally-classical but contextual theory

Sina Soltani¹, Marco Erba¹, David Schmid², and John H.Selby^1,3

¹International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, Uniwersytet Gdański, ul. Jana Bażyńskiego 1A, 80-309 Gdańsk, Polska
²Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline Street North, Waterloo, Ontario Canada N2L 2Y5
³Theoretical Sciences Visiting Program, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Onna, 9040495, Japan

Published:	2026-06-19, volume 10, page 2142
Editor:	Mateus Araújo
Eprint:	arXiv:2511.19266v2
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2142
Citation:	Quantum 10, 2142 (2026).

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Abstract

We construct an ontological model for the theory known as bilocal classical theory [1]. To our knowledge, this is only the second time that an ontological model has been constructed for an entire theory, rather than just for some particular scenarios within a theory. This result refutes a conjecture from [1] which suggested that there might be no local-realist ontological model for bilocal classical theory. Moreover, it is the first time that an ontological model has been constructed for a theory that fails to be locally tomographic, showing that the assumption of local tomography underpinning the structure theorem in [2] is a genuine limitation of the theorem. This demonstrates that in general there is no tension between failures of local tomography and classical explainability (i.e., generalised noncontextuality). In fact, bilocal classical theory is in many ways more simply understood via the underlying ontological model than it is within its original formulation (much as how odd-dimensional stabiliser subtheories can be more simply understood via Spekkens' toy theory). Furthermore, this result naturally leads to the question, does every locally-classical theory admit of an ontological model? By constructing a concrete counterexample, we show that this is not the case. Our findings demonstrate that there is no straightforward relationship between theories being locally-classical, and them being classically-explainable. This shows that the fundamental status of compositional properties (such as local tomography) is not a technical side-issue, but a central and unavoidable question for a coherent understanding even of classicality itself.

► BibTeX data

@article{Soltani2026decouplinglocal,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2142},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-06-19-2142},
  title = {Decoupling local classicality from classical explainability: {A} noncontextual model for bilocal classical theory and a locally-classical but contextual theory},
  author = {Soltani, Sina and Erba, Marco and Schmid, David and H.Selby, John},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {2142},
  month = jun,
  year = {2026}
}

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Cited by

[1] Marco Erba and Paolo Perinotti, "The composition rule for quantum systems is not the only possible one", arXiv:2411.15964, (2024).

[2] Roberto D. Baldijão, Marco Erba, David Schmid, John H. Selby, and Ana Belén Sainz, "Tomographically-nonlocal entanglement", arXiv:2602.16280, (2026).

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