Quantum Communication Networks Enhanced by Distributed Quantum Memories

Xiangyi Meng; Nicolò Lo Piparo; Kae Nemoto; István A. Kovács

doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-15-1948

Quantum Communication Networks Enhanced by Distributed Quantum Memories

Xiangyi Meng^1,2,3, Nicolò Lo Piparo⁴, Kae Nemoto⁴, and István A. Kovács^3,5,6

¹Department of Physics, Applied Physics, and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
²Network Science and Technology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
³Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
⁴Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
⁵Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
⁶Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA

Published:	2025-12-15, volume 9, page 1948
Editor:	Thomas Elliott
Eprint:	arXiv:2403.16367v2
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-15-1948
Citation:	Quantum 9, 1948 (2025).

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Abstract

Building large-scale quantum communication networks has its unique challenges. Here, we demonstrate that a network-wide synergistic usage of quantum memories distributed in a quantum communication network offers a fundamental advantage. We first map the problem of quantum communication with local usage of memories into a classical continuum percolation model. Then, we show that this mapping can be improved through a cooperation of quantum distillation and relay protocols via remote access to distributed memories. This improved mapping, which we term $\alpha$-percolation, can be formulated in terms of graph-merging rules, analogous to the decimation rules of the renormalization group treatment of disordered quantum magnets. These rules can be performed in any order, yielding the same optimal result that is characterized by the emergence of a “positive feedback'' mechanism and the formation of spatially disconnected “hopping'' communication components – both marking significant improvements beyond the traditional point-to-point consideration of quantum communication in networked structures.

Featured image: Left: Quantum memories distributed across two connected components (the X- and Y-shaped) effectively act as “cloud storage” for remotely storing flying qubits generated between the nearest nodes of the two components. Right: A connected component can also act as a relay to swap flying qubits between its neighbors.

Popular summary

It is well established that efficient quantum communication relies on quantum memories. Here, however, we show that the collective advantage of using memories is far more profound than previously anticipated, particularly within a complex network topology. By leveraging network-wide synergy—specifically through remote distillation (remote gate teleportation) and relay protocols between interconnected nodes—communication efficiency is significantly enhanced. This results in a novel statistical physics model for large-scale quantum networks—which we term α-percolation—that reveals unique emergent statistical behaviors and calls for a distinct architectural design for such large-scale systems.

► BibTeX data

@article{Meng2025quantum,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2025-12-15-1948},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-15-1948},
  title = {Quantum {C}ommunication {N}etworks {E}nhanced by {D}istributed {Q}uantum {M}emories},
  author = {Meng, Xiangyi and Lo Piparo, Nicol{\`{o}} and Nemoto, Kae and Kov{\'{a}}cs, Istv{\'{a}}n A.},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1948},
  month = dec,
  year = {2025}
}

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