Optically Hyperpolarized Materials for Levitated Optomechanics

Marit O. E. Steiner; Julen S. Pedernales; Martin B. Plenio

doi:10.22331/q-2025-12-03-1928

Optically Hyperpolarized Materials for Levitated Optomechanics

Marit O. E. Steiner, Julen S. Pedernales, and Martin B. Plenio

Institut für Theoretische Physik, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany

Published:	2025-12-03, volume 9, page 1928
Editor:	Roohollah Ghobadi
Eprint:	arXiv:2405.13869v2
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-03-1928
Citation:	Quantum 9, 1928 (2025).

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Abstract

We explore the potential of levitating solids embedded with non-permanent, optically controllable electron spins, which can be used to hyperpolarize their nuclear spin environment with exceptionally long lifetimes. For example, pentacene-doped naphthalene, which will also serve as our prime example, can achieve bulk polarization exceeding $80\,\%$ at cryogenic temperatures with polarization lifetimes extending over weeks. These materials make a compelling case for applications such as matter-wave interferometry and novel uses of established NMR techniques. In that spirit, we design a multi-spin Stern-Gerlach-type interferometry protocol which, thanks to the homogeneous spin distribution and the absence of a preferential nuclear-spin quantization axis in such materials, avoids many of the limitations associated with solid state crystals hosting electronic spin defects, such as nanodiamonds containing NV centers. We assess the potential of our interferometer to enhance existing bounds on the free parameters of objective collapse models. Beyond matter-wave interferometry, we analyze the prospects for implementing magic angle spinning at frequencies surpassing the current standard in NMR, capitalizing on the exceptional rotational capabilities offered by levitation. Additionally, we outline a novel protocol for measuring spin ensemble polarization via the position of the nanoparticle and conduct an analysis of dominant noise sources, benchmarking the required isolation levels for various applications.

Featured image: A diamagnetically levitated naphthalene particle follows an oscillatory trajectory in a magnetic field gradient, where the nuclear spin state determines its equilibrium position. By preparing a superposition of different spin states, one can create a spatially delocalized state of a solid containing billions of atoms. The displaced Gaussian wave packets rephase after one full trap period. This constitutes the basis of the spin-dependent matter-wave interferometer. The nuclear spins originate from the hydrogen atoms in naphthalene, the molecular structure of which is shown on the right.

Popular summary

Levitated nanoparticles offer an exceptionally clean and controllable environment for studying quantum physics at mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. When a particle is suspended in a vacuum, held by light, electric fields, or magnetic fields, it becomes highly isolated from its surroundings. This isolation enables extremely precise measurements and possibly the preparation of macroscopic quantum states, making levitated systems ideal testbeds for pushing the limits of quantum mechanics.

Building on this platform, we propose for the first time to levitate optically hyperpolarized materials that contain electron spins, which can be controlled with laser light and microwaves. These electron spins can be used to polarize the surrounding nuclear spins in the crystal. In materials like pentacene-doped naphthalene, this results in remarkably high nuclear-spin polarization, over 80%, that can remain stable for weeks. This combination of long-lived internal spin degrees of freedom and mechanical isolation creates a unique hybrid system.

In this theoretical work, we investigate both the opportunities and the challenges offered by this hybrid platform, and propose using it as a multi-spin matter-wave interferometer inspired by the Stern–Gerlach effect, in which the particle’s wavefunction is split in space depending on its spin. Such an interferometer could serve as a powerful probe of the foundations of physics, potentially placing much stronger bounds than existing technologies on alternative models that modify quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales, including so-called collapse models.

► BibTeX data

@article{Steiner2025optically,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2025-12-03-1928},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-12-03-1928},
  title = {Optically {H}yperpolarized {M}aterials for {L}evitated {O}ptomechanics},
  author = {Steiner, Marit O. E. and Pedernales, Julen S. and Plenio, Martin B.},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1928},
  month = dec,
  year = {2025}
}

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