Targeted Clifford logical gates for hypergraph product codes

Adway Patra and Alexander Barg

Department of ECE and Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742

Find this paper interesting or want to discuss? Scite or leave a comment on SciRate.

Updated after initial publication: This publication was updated to version v3 after the initial publication. The authors left the following comment on the arXiv:
Final version, 46pp

Abstract

Starting with an explicit framework for designing logical Clifford circuits for CSS codes, we construct logical gates for Hypergraph Product Codes. We first derive symplectic matrices for CNOT, CZ, Phase, and Hadamard operators, which together generate the Clifford group. This enables us to design explicit transformations that result in targeted logical gates for arbitrary codes in this family. As a concrete example, we give logical circuits for the $[[18,2,3]]$ toric code.

► BibTeX data

► References

[1] S. Aaronson and D. Gottesman. Improved simulation of stabilizer circuits. Phys. Rev. A, 70:052328, Nov 2004. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.70.052328.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.70.052328

[2] H. Bombin and M. A. Martin-Delgado. Homological error correction: classical and quantum codes. J. Math. Phys., 48(5):052105, 35, 2007. doi:10.1063/​1.2731356.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1063/​1.2731356

[3] S. Bravyi and M. B. Hastings. Homological product codes. In Proceedings of the Forty-Sixth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC '14, page 273–282, New York, NY, USA, 2014. Association for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145/​2591796.2591870.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​2591796.2591870

[4] S. Bravyi and A. Kitaev. Universal quantum computation with ideal Clifford gates and noisy ancillas. Physical Review A, 71(2):022316, 2005. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.71.022316.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.71.022316

[5] S. B. Bravyi and A. Y. Kitaev. Quantum codes on a lattice with boundary. arXiv preprint quant-ph/​9811052, 1998. arXiv:quant-ph/​9811052, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.quant-ph/​9811052.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.quant-ph/​9811052
arXiv:quant-ph/9811052

[6] N. P. Breuckmann and S. Burton. Fold-transversal Clifford gates for quantum codes. Quantum, 8:1372, 2024. arXiv:2202.06647, doi:10.22331/​q-2024-06-13-1372.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.22331/​q-2024-06-13-1372
arXiv:2202.06647

[7] N. P. Breuckmann, M. Davydova, J. N. Eberhardt, and N. Tantivasadakarn. Cups and gates I: Cohomology invariants and logical quantum operations, 2024. arXiv:2410.16250, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.2410.16250.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.2410.16250
arXiv:2410.16250

[8] N. P. Breuckmann and J. N. Eberhardt. Quantum low-density parity-check codes. PRX Quantum, 2(4):040101, 2021. doi:10.1103/​PRXQuantum.2.040101.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PRXQuantum.2.040101

[9] A. R. Calderbank, E. M. Rains, P. W. Shor, and N. J. A. Sloane. Quantum error correction and orthogonal geometry. Physical Review Letters, 78(3):405–408, 1997. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevLett.78.405.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.78.405

[10] A. R. Calderbank and P. W. Shor. Good quantum error-correcting codes exist. Phys. Rev. A, 54:1098–1105, Aug 1996. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.54.1098.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.54.1098

[11] R. Chao and B. W. Reichardt. Fault-tolerant quantum computation with few qubits. npj Quantum Information, 4(1):42, 2018. doi:10.1038/​s41534-018-0085-z.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​s41534-018-0085-z

[12] Z. Chen and N. Rengaswamy. Tailoring fault-tolerance to quantum algorithms, 2024. arXiv:2404.11953, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.2404.11953.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.2404.11953
arXiv:2404.11953

[13] J. Dehaene and B. De Moor. The Clifford group, stabilizer states, and linear and quadratic operations over gf(2). Physical Review A, 68, 04 2003. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.68.042318.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.68.042318

[14] N. Delfosse and A. Paetznick. Spacetime codes of Clifford circuits. 2023. arXiv:2304.05943, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.2304.05943.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.2304.05943
arXiv:2304.05943

[15] I. Dinur, M.-H. Hsieh, T.-C. Lin, and T. Vidick. Good quantum ldpc codes with linear time decoders. In Proceedings of the 55th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC 2023, page 905–918, New York, NY, USA, 2023. Association for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145/​3564246.3585101.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​3564246.3585101

[16] A. Dua, A. Kubica, L. Jiang, S. T. Flammia, and M. J. Gullans. Clifford-deformed surface codes. PRX Quantum, 5(1):010347, 2024. doi:10.1103/​PRXQuantum.5.010347.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PRXQuantum.5.010347

[17] O. Fawzi, A. Grospellier, and A. Leverrier. Constant overhead quantum fault tolerance with quantum expander codes. Commun. ACM, 64(1):106–114, Dec. 2020. doi:10.1145/​3434163.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​3434163

[18] A. G. Fowler, M. Mariantoni, J. M. Martinis, and A. N. Cleland. Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation. Phys. Rev. A, 86:032324, Sep 2012. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.86.032324.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.86.032324

[19] D. Gottesman. Stabilizer Codes and Quantum Error Correction. PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology, 1997. arXiv:quant-ph/​9705052, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.quant-ph/​9705052.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.quant-ph/​9705052
arXiv:quant-ph/9705052

[20] D. Gottesman. Theory of fault-tolerant quantum computation. Physical Review A, 57(1):127, 1998. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.57.127.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.57.127

[21] D. Gottesman. An introduction to quantum error correction and fault-tolerant quantum computation. In Quantum Information Science and its Contributions to Mathematics, volume 68 of Proceedings of Symposia in Applied Mathematics, pages 13–58. American Mathematical Society, 2010. doi:10.1090/​psapm/​068/​2762145.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1090/​psapm/​068/​2762145

[22] D. Gottesman. Fault-tolerant quantum computation with constant overhead. 2014. Published in Quantum Information & Computation, Vol. 14, No. 15–16 (2014), pp. 1338–1372. arXiv:1310.2984, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.1310.2984.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.1310.2984
arXiv:1310.2984

[23] L. C. Grove. Classical Groups and Geometric Algebra, volume 39 of Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2002. doi:10.1090/​gsm/​039.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1090/​gsm/​039

[24] A. Y. Kitaev. Quantum computations: algorithms and error correction. Russian Mathematical Surveys, 52(6):1191–1249, 1997. doi:10.1070/​RM1997v052n06ABEH002155.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1070/​RM1997v052n06ABEH002155

[25] A. Y. Kitaev, A. Shen, and M. N. Vyalyi. Classical and Quantum Computation, volume 47 of Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2002. doi:10.1090/​gsm/​047.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1090/​gsm/​047

[26] E. Knill, R. Laflamme, and W. H. Zurek. Resilient quantum computation. Science, 279(5349):342–345, 1998. doi:10.1126/​science.279.5349.342.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1126/​science.279.5349.342

[27] A. A. Kovalev and L. P. Pryadko. Fault tolerance of quantum low-density parity check codes with sublinear distance scaling. Physical Review A, 87(2):020304, 2013. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.87.020304.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.87.020304

[28] A. Krishna and D. Poulin. Fault-tolerant gates on hypergraph product codes. Phys. Rev. X, 11:011023, Feb 2021. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevX.11.011023.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevX.11.011023

[29] A. Leverrier and G. Zémor. Quantum Tanner codes. In 2022 IEEE 63rd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), pages 872–883, 2022. expanded version in arXiv:2202.13641. doi:10.1109/​FOCS54457.2022.00117.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​FOCS54457.2022.00117
arXiv:2202.13641

[30] T.-C. Lin. Transversal non-Clifford gates for quantum LDPC codes on sheaves, 2024. arXiv:2410.14631, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.2410.14631.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.2410.14631
arXiv:2410.14631

[31] A. J. Malcolm, A. N. Glaudell, P. Fuentes, D. Chandra, A. Schotte, C. DeLisle, R. Haenel, A. Ebrahimi, J. Roffe, A. O. Quintavalle, et al. Computing efficiently in QLDPC codes. 2025. arXiv:2502.07150, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.2502.07150.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.2502.07150
arXiv:2502.07150

[32] S. Martiel and A. Javadi-Abhari. Low-overhead error detection with spacetime codes. 4 2025. arXiv:2504.15725, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.2504.15725.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.2504.15725
arXiv:2504.15725

[33] D. Maslov and M. Roetteler. Shorter stabilizer circuits via Bruhat decomposition and quantum circuit transformations. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 64(7):4729–4738, 2018. doi:10.1109/​TIT.2018.2825602.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​TIT.2018.2825602

[34] P. Panteleev and G. Kalachev. Asymptotically good quantum and locally testable classical ldpc codes. In Proceedings of the 54th Annual ACM SIGACT Symposium on Theory of Computing, STOC 2022, page 375–388, New York, NY, USA, 2022. Association for Computing Machinery. doi:10.1145/​3519935.3520017.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1145/​3519935.3520017

[35] T. Pllaha, N. Rengaswamy, O. Tirkkonen, and R. Calderbank. Un-Weyl-ing the Clifford hierarchy. Quantum, 4:370, December 2020. doi:10.22331/​q-2020-12-11-370.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.22331/​q-2020-12-11-370

[36] T. Pllaha, K. Volanto, and O. Tirkkonen. Decomposition of Clifford gates. In 2021 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), pages 01–06, 2021. doi:10.1109/​GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685501.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​GLOBECOM46510.2021.9685501

[37] A. O. Quintavalle, P. Webster, and M. Vasmer. Partitioning qubits in hypergraph product codes to implement logical gates. Quantum, 7:1153, Oct. 2023. doi:10.22331/​q-2023-10-24-1153.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.22331/​q-2023-10-24-1153

[38] R. Raussendorf and J. Harrington. Fault-tolerant quantum computation with high threshold in two dimensions. Physical Review Letters, 98(19):190504, 2007. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevLett.98.190504.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.98.190504

[39] N. Rengaswamy, R. Calderbank, S. Kadhe, and H. D. Pfister. Logical Clifford synthesis for stabilizer codes. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 1:1–17, 2020. doi:10.1109/​TQE.2020.3023419.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​TQE.2020.3023419

[40] A. Steane. Error correcting codes in quantum theory. Phys. Rev. Letters, 77:793–797, 1996. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevLett.77.793.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.77.793

[41] A. M. Steane. Efficient fault-tolerant quantum computing. Nature, 399(6732):124–126, 1999. doi:10.1038/​20127.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1038/​20127

[42] J.-P. Tillich and G. Zémor. Quantum ldpc codes with positive rate and minimum distance proportional to the square root of the blocklength. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 60(2):1193–1202, 2014. doi:10.1109/​TIT.2013.2292061.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1109/​TIT.2013.2292061

[43] M. A. Tremblay, N. Delfosse, and M. E. Beverland. Constant-overhead quantum error correction with thin planar connectivity. Phys. Rev. Lett., 129:050504, Jul 2022. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevLett.129.050504.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevLett.129.050504

[44] M. Wilde. Logical operators of quantum codes. Physical Review A, 79, 03 2009. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevA.79.062322.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevA.79.062322

[45] Q. Xu, H. Zhou, G. Zheng, D. Bluvstein, J. P. B. Ataides, M. D. Lukin, and L. Jiang. Fast and parallelizable logical computation with homological product codes. Phys. Rev. X, 15:021065, May 2025. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevX.15.021065.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevX.15.021065

[46] T. J. Yoder, R. Takagi, and I. L. Chuang. Universal fault-tolerant gates on concatenated stabilizer codes. Phys. Rev. X, 6:031039, Sep 2016. doi:10.1103/​PhysRevX.6.031039.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.1103/​PhysRevX.6.031039

[47] G. Zhu, S. Sikander, E. Portnoy, A. W. Cross, and B. J. Brown. Non-Clifford and parallelizable fault-tolerant logical gates on constant and almost-constant rate homological quantum LDPC codes via higher symmetries, 2024. arXiv:2310.16982, doi:10.48550/​arXiv.2310.16982.
https:/​/​doi.org/​10.48550/​arXiv.2310.16982
arXiv:2310.16982

Cited by

[1] Jérôme Guyot and Samuel Jaques, "On the Addressability Problem on CSS Codes", Quantum 10, 2145 (2026).

[2] Zhuangzhuang Chen, Jack Owen Weinberg, and Narayanan Rengaswamy, 2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 158 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-5736-2.

[3] Victor V. Albert and Philippe Faist, "Handbook of Error-Correcting Codes", arXiv:2606.11484, (2026).

[4] Yiming Li, Zimu Li, Zi-Wen Liu, and Quynh T. Nguyen, "Poincaré Duality and Multiplicative Structures on Quantum Codes", arXiv:2512.21922, (2025).

[5] Zhuangzhuang Chen, Jack Owen Weinberg, and Narayanan Rengaswamy, "Fault Tolerant Quantum Simulation via Symplectic Transvections", arXiv:2504.11444, (2025).

[6] Asit Kumar Pradhan, Nithin Raveendran, Narayanan Rengaswamy, and Bane Vasić, "Linear Time Iterative Decoders for Hypergraph-Product and Lifted-Product Codes", arXiv:2504.01728, (2025).

[7] Hayato Goto, "Optimized Many-Hypercube Codes toward Lower Logical Error Rates and Earlier Realization", arXiv:2512.00561, (2025).

[8] Asit Kumar Pradhan, Nithin Raveendran, Narayanan Rengaswamy, and Bane Vasić, "Linear Time Iterative Decoders for Hypergraph-Product and Lifted-Product Codes", IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 72 7, 4618 (2026).

The above citations are from Crossref's cited-by service (last updated successfully 2026-08-10 20:41:31) and SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2026-08-10 20:41:33). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.