MQT Bench: Benchmarking Software and Design Automation Tools for Quantum Computing

Nils Quetschlich1, Lukas Burgholzer1, and Robert Wille1,2

1Chair for Design Automation, Technical University of Munich, Germany
2Software Competence Center Hagenberg GmbH (SCCH), Austria

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Abstract

Quantum software tools for a wide variety of design tasks on and across different levels of abstraction are crucial in order to eventually realize useful quantum applications. This requires practical and relevant benchmarks for new software tools to be empirically evaluated and compared to the current state of the art. Although benchmarks for specific design tasks are commonly available, the demand for an overarching cross-level benchmark suite has not yet been fully met and there is no mutual consolidation in how quantum software tools are evaluated thus far. In this work, we propose the $\textit{MQT Bench}$ benchmark suite (as part of the $\textit{Munich Quantum Toolkit}$, MQT) based on four core traits: (1) cross-level support for different abstraction levels, (2) accessibility via an easy-to-use web interface (https://www.cda.cit.tum.de/mqtbench/) and a Python package, (3) provision of a broad selection of benchmarks to facilitate generalizability, as well as (4) extendability to future algorithms, gate-sets, and hardware architectures. By comprising more than 70,000 benchmark circuits ranging from 2 to 130 qubits on four abstraction levels, MQT Bench presents a first step towards benchmarking different abstraction levels with a single benchmark suite to increase comparability, reproducibility, and transparency.

MQT Bench comes as an easy-to-use website and a Python Package while its implementation is open-source available on GitHub.

To utilize quantum computers for the different application domains, the respective to-be-solved problem must be encoded into a quantum circuit. Afterwards, that circuit needs to be executed to determine the desired solution. For that, quantum software tools are essential, e.g., to classically simulate the considered quantum circuit or to compile it before it can be executed on a quantum computer. Whenever such a quantum software tool is proposed, it is important to empirically evaluate its performance and to compare it to the state of the art. For that purpose, MQT Bench (as part of the Munich Quantum Toolkit, MQT) is proposed. MQT Bench provides over 70,000 benchmarks on various abstraction levels (depending on what level the to-be-evaluated software tool operates on) ranging from 2 to 130 qubits aiming for increased comparability, reproducibility, and transparency.

► BibTeX data

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[35] Pau Escofet, Andrii Semenov, Niall Murphy, Elena Blokhina, Sergi Abadal, Eduard Alarcón, and Carmen G. Almudéver, 2025 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS) 1 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3503-5683-0.

[36] Ronja Heikkinen, Majid Haghparast, and Tommi Mikkonen, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 16361, 533 (2026) ISBN:978-3-032-12088-5.

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[38] Yu Peng, Junyu Chen, Yuhan Chen, Shenglong Zhang, Xingdong Li, Tingting Li, Ziming Zhao, and Jianwei Yin, Proceedings of the 32nd ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining V.2 9684 (2026) ISBN:9798400722592.

[39] Hoa T. Nguyen, Muhammad Usman, and Rajkumar Buyya, 2024 IEEE 17th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD) 475 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3503-6853-6.

[40] Moritz Schmidt, Abhoy Kole, Leon Wichette, Rolf Drechsler, Frank Kirchner, and Elie Mounzer, "Exploration of Design Alternatives for Reducing Idle Time in Shor's Algorithm: A Study on Monolithic and Distributed Quantum Systems", IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering 6, 1 (2025).

[41] Yukun Yang, Ranjani G. Sundaram, and Himanshu Gupta, 2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 1123 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-5736-2.

[42] Waldemir Cambiucci, Regina Melo Silveira, and Wilson Vicente Ruggiero, Anais do I Workshop de Redes Quânticas (WQuNets 2024) 7 (2024).

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[45] Jiongchi Yu, Yue Duan, Ziming Zhao, Xiaofei Yue, and Zhaoxuan Li, Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Software Genomics 25 (2026) ISBN:9798400730023.

[46] Robert Wille, Lucas Berent, Tobias Forster, Jagatheesan Kunasaikaran, Kevin Mato, Tom Peham, Nils Quetschlich, Damian Rovara, Aaron Sander, Ludwig Schmid, Daniel Schönberger, Yannick Stade, and Lukas Burgholzer, 2024 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Software (QSW) 1 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3503-6847-5.

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[51] Vinooth Rao Kulkarni and Vipin Chaudhary, Proceedings of the 35th International Symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing 572 (2026) ISBN:9798400726408.

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[55] Ning Ma, Proceedings of the 34th ACM International Conference on the Foundations of Software Engineering 25 (2026) ISBN:9798400726361.

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[63] Damian Rovara, Lukas Burgholzer, and Robert Wille, 2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 766 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-5736-2.

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[74] Daniel Schoenberger, Stefan Hillmich, Matthias Brand, and Robert Wille, 2024 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 1102 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3315-4137-8.

[75] Mst Shamima Aktar, Peng Liang, Muhammad Waseem, Amjed Tahir, Aakash Ahmad, Beiqi Zhang, and Zengyang Li, "Architecture decisions in quantum software systems: An empirical study on Stack Exchange and GitHub", Information and Software Technology 177, 107587 (2025).

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[80] Rujia Qiu, Teng Tian, Wangchao Dong, Enhui Wang, Long Zhao, and Bing Xue, 2026 11th International Symposium on Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (ISAEECE) 466 (2026) ISBN:979-8-3195-4256-4.

[81] Aishwarya Vishwakarma, "When does calibration-aware compilation transfer to quantum hardware? A three-processor QAOA study of ranking, drift, and refresh", Quantum Science and Technology 11 4, 0450a5 (2026).

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[83] Mengdi Yang, Feng Yue, Weilong Wang, Xiangdong Meng, Lixin Wang, Pengyu Han, Haoran He, Benzheng Yuan, Zhiqiang Fan, Chenhui Wang, Qiming Du, Danyang Zheng, Xuefei Feng, and Zheng Shan, "LIRB-Based Quantum Circuit Fidelity Assessment and Gate Fault Diagnosis", Computers, Materials & Continua 82 2, 2215 (2025).

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[90] Lucky Saxena and Kailash Chandra Bandhu, 2025 IEEE International Conference on Innovate for Humanitarian: Tech Solutions for Global Challenge (ICIH) 1 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-5644-0.

[91] Konrad Wojciechowski, Krzysztof Kurowski, Mateusz Slysz, and Tomasz Pecyna, "Open QBench: A benchmarking framework for evaluating quantum computing platforms", Quantum Information Processing 25 3, 98 (2026).

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[93] Ranjani G. Sundaram and Himanshu Gupta, 2025 International Conference on Quantum Communications, Networking, and Computing (QCNC) 238 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-3159-1.

[94] Poornima Kumaresan, Shwetha Singaravelu, Lakshmi Rajendran, and Santhosh Sivasubramani, "Eliminating vendor lock-in in quantum machine learning via framework-agnostic neural networks", Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology 5, 1862700 (2026).

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[96] Ziqing Guo, Alex Khan, Victor S Sheng, Shabnam Jabeen, and Ziwen Pan, "Quantum parallel information exchange (QPIE) hybrid network with transfer learning", Quantum Science and Technology 10 3, 035054 (2025).

[97] Antonio Tudisco, Deborah Volpe, Giacomo Orlandi, and Giovanna Turvani, 2025 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 296 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-5736-2.

[98] Wei-Jia Huang, Christophe Chareton, Yu-Fang Chen, Kai-Min Chung, Min-Hsiu Hsieh, Alfons Laarman, and Jingyi Mei, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 16506, 419 (2026) ISBN:978-3-032-22748-5.

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[100] Matteo Paltenghi and Michael Pradel, "IterTestQ: Assembly-Level, Cross-Platform Testing of Quantum Computing Platforms", Proceedings of the ACM on Software Engineering 3 ISSTA, 2750 (2026).

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[102] Mohamad R. Pourbaba and Ehsan Ataie, 2025 10th International Conference on Technology and Energy Management (ICTEM) 1 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-3862-0.

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[105] Waylon Luo, Betis Baheri, Travis Humble, Jiapeng Zhao, Tong Zhan, Rajan Maharjan, and Qiang Guan, Proceedings of the 39th ACM SIGSIM Conference on Principles of Advanced Discrete Simulation 165 (2025) ISBN:9798400715914.

[106] Marcos Lammers, Federico Hernán Holik, and Alejandro Fernandez, 2025 IEEE CHILEAN Conference on Electrical, Electronics Engineering, Information and Communication Technologies (CHILECON) 1 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3503-5736-3.

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[122] Ning Ma and Heng Li, "Understanding and Estimating the Execution Time of Quantum Circuits", ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology 35 8, 1 (2026).

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[139] Asmar Muqeet, Shaukat Ali, and Paolo Arcaini, "Tool: QUIET: A Tool for Sampling-Based Quantum Noise Error Mitigation", IEEE Software 42 6, 28 (2025).

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[234] Yannick Stade, Lukas Burgholzer, and Robert Wille, "Towards Supporting QIR: Steps for Adopting the Quantum Intermediate Representation", arXiv:2411.18682, (2024).

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[236] Samuel Punch, Krishnendu Guha, and Utz Roedig, "Post-Cut Metadata Inference Attacks on Quantum Circuit Cutting Pipelines", arXiv:2604.10592, (2026).

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[248] Matthew Sutcliffe and John van de Wetering, "ABSTRACTS: Amsterdam Benchmark Suite for the Time and Resource Analysis of Clifford+T Simulators", arXiv:2608.24370, (2026).

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[275] Boshuai Ye, Peng Liang, and Arif Ali Khan, "When Equivalent Quantum Circuits Lose Synthesis Choices", arXiv:2610.06142, (2026).

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The above citations are from Crossref's cited-by service (last updated successfully 2026-11-03 01:59:59) and SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2026-11-03 02:00:01). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.