Second law of thermodynamics for batteries with vacuum state

Patryk Lipka-Bartosik1,2, Paweł Mazurek2,3, and Michał Horodecki3

1H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
2Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, National Quantum Information Centre, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
3International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland

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Abstract

In stochastic thermodynamics work is a random variable whose average is bounded by the change in the free energy of the system. In most treatments, however, the work reservoir that absorbs this change is either tacitly assumed or modelled using unphysical systems with unbounded Hamiltonians (i.e. the ideal weight). In this work we describe the consequences of introducing the ground state of the battery and hence — of breaking its translational symmetry. The most striking consequence of this shift is the fact that the Jarzynski identity is replaced by a family of inequalities. Using these inequalities we obtain corrections to the second law of thermodynamics which vanish exponentially with the distance of the initial state of the battery to the bottom of its spectrum. Finally, we study an exemplary thermal operation which realizes the approximate Landauer erasure and demonstrate the consequences which arise when the ground state of the battery is explicitly introduced. In particular, we show that occupation of the vacuum state of any physical battery sets a lower bound on fluctuations of work, while batteries without vacuum state allow for fluctuation-free erasure.

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[3] Florian Meier and Lídia del Rio, "Thermodynamic optimization of quantum algorithms: On-the-go erasure of qubit registers", Physical Review A 106 6, 062426 (2022).

[4] Raffaele Salvia, Martí Perarnau-Llobet, Géraldine Haack, Nicolas Brunner, and Stefan Nimmrichter, "Quantum advantage in charging cavity and spin batteries by repeated interactions", Physical Review Research 5 1, 013155 (2023).

[5] Fu-Quan Dou and Fang-Mei Yang, "Superconducting transmon qubit-resonator quantum battery", Physical Review A 107 2, 023725 (2023).

[6] Matteo Lostaglio, "An introductory review of the resource theory approach to thermodynamics", Reports on Progress in Physics 82 11, 114001 (2019).

[7] Marcin Łobejko, Paweł Mazurek, and Michał Horodecki, "Thermodynamics of Minimal Coupling Quantum Heat Engines", Quantum 4, 375 (2020).

The above citations are from Crossref's cited-by service (last updated successfully 2024-03-28 09:43:54) and SAO/NASA ADS (last updated successfully 2024-03-28 09:43:55). The list may be incomplete as not all publishers provide suitable and complete citation data.