Quantifying Bell: the Resource Theory of Nonclassicality of Common-Cause Boxes
1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 2Y5, Canada
2Institute for Quantum Computing and Dept. of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
3International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
4Centre for Quantum Information and Communication, Ecole polytechnique de Bruxelles, CP 165, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| Published: | 2020-06-08, volume 4, page 280 |
| Eprint: | arXiv:1903.06311v4 |
| Doi: | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-06-08-280 |
| Citation: | Quantum 4, 280 (2020). |
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Abstract
We take a resource-theoretic approach to the problem of quantifying nonclassicality in Bell scenarios. The resources are conceptualized as probabilistic processes from the setting variables to the outcome variables having a particular causal structure, namely, one wherein the wings are only connected by a common cause. We term them "common-cause boxes". We define the distinction between classical and nonclassical resources in terms of whether or not a classical causal model can explain the correlations. One can then quantify the relative nonclassicality of resources by considering their interconvertibility relative to the set of operations that can be implemented using a classical common cause (which correspond to local operations and shared randomness). We prove that the set of free operations forms a polytope, which in turn allows us to derive an efficient algorithm for deciding whether one resource can be converted to another. We moreover define two distinct monotones with simple closed-form expressions in the two-party binary-setting binary-outcome scenario, and use these to reveal various properties of the pre-order of resources, including a lower bound on the cardinality of any complete set of monotones. In particular, we show that the information contained in the degrees of violation of facet-defining Bell inequalities is not sufficient for quantifying nonclassicality, even though it is sufficient for witnessing nonclassicality. Finally, we show that the continuous set of convexly extremal quantumly realizable correlations are all at the top of the pre-order of quantumly realizable correlations. In addition to providing new insights on Bell nonclassicality, our work also sets the stage for quantifying nonclassicality in more general causal networks.
Featured image: A plot depicting three potential resources as well as the level sets of two distinct monotones.
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