Quantum states cannot be transmitted efficiently classically

Ashley Montanaro

School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, UK

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Abstract

We show that any classical two-way communication protocol with shared randomness that can approximately simulate the result of applying an arbitrary measurement (held by one party) to a quantum state of $n$ qubits (held by another), up to constant accuracy, must transmit at least $\Omega(2^n)$ bits. This lower bound is optimal and matches the complexity of a simple protocol based on discretisation using an $\epsilon$-net. The proof is based on a lower bound on the classical communication complexity of a distributed variant of the Fourier sampling problem. We obtain two optimal quantum-classical separations as easy corollaries. First, a sampling problem which can be solved with one quantum query to the input, but which requires $\Omega(N)$ classical queries for an input of size $N$. Second, a nonlocal task which can be solved using $n$ Bell pairs, but for which any approximate classical solution must communicate $\Omega(2^n)$ bits.

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[2] Leonardo Guerini, Marco Túlio Quintino, and Leandro Aolita, "Distributed sampling, quantum communication witnesses, and measurement incompatibility", Physical Review A 100 4, 042308 (2019).

[3] Ashley Montanaro and Changpeng Shao, "Quantum Communication Complexity of Linear Regression", ACM Transactions on Computation Theory 16 1, 1 (2024).

[4] Scott Aaronson, Harry Buhrman, and William Kretschmer, "A Qubit, a Coin, and an Advice String Walk Into a Relational Problem", arXiv:2302.10332, (2023).

[5] John-Mark A. Allen, "Reality, Causality, and Quantum Theory", arXiv:1901.01618, (2019).

[6] David Gosset and John Smolin, "A compressed classical description of quantum states", arXiv:1801.05721, (2018).

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