Non-Gaussian Noise Magnetometry Using Local Spin Qubits

Jonathan B. Curtis; Amir Yacoby; Eugene Demler

doi:10.22331/q-2026-08-27-2197

Non-Gaussian Noise Magnetometry Using Local Spin Qubits

Jonathan B. Curtis¹, Amir Yacoby², and Eugene Demler¹

¹Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, CH
²Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Published:	2026-08-27, volume 10, page 2197
Editor:	Thomas Elliott
Eprint:	arXiv:2505.03877v3
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-08-27-2197
Citation:	Quantum 10, 2197 (2026).

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Abstract

Atomic scale qubits, as may be realized in nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, offer the opportunity to study magnetic field noise with nanometer scale spatial resolution. Using these spin qubits, one can learn a great deal about the magnetic-field noise correlations, and correspondingly the collective-mode spectra, in quantum materials and devices. However, to date these tools have been essentially restricted to studying Gaussian noise processes – equivalent to linear-response. In this work we will show how to extend these techniques beyond the Gaussian regime and show how to unambiguously measure higher-order magnetic noise cumulants in a local, spatially resolved way. We unveil two protocols for doing this; the first uses a single spin-qubit and different dynamical decoupling sequences to extract non-Markovian and non-Gaussian spin-echo noise. The second protocol uses two-qubit coincidence measurements to study spatially non-local cumulants in the magnetic noise. We then demonstrate the utility of these protocols by considering a model of a bath of non-interacting two-level systems, as well as a model involving spatially correlated magnetic fluctuations near a second-order Ising phase transition. In both cases, we highlight how this technique can be used to measure in a real many-body system how fluctuation dynamics converge towards the central limit theorem as a function of effective bath size. We then conclude by discussing some promising applications and extensions of this method.

Featured image: Set of spin-echo protocols which can be used to extract fourth-order contributions to the local magnetic noise. These spin-echo sequences automatically filter out low-frequency background noise by employing compensated pulses. These pulses can also be generalized to higher-order dynamical decoupling sequences.

Popular summary

This work provides protocols for studying nonlinear correlations in magnetic noise, which can be measured with nanometer scale precision using diamond defect spin qubits. These higher-order nonlinear correlations can be used to directly probe the interactions between magnetic and electronic excitations in a crystal, and are particularly well-suited for detecting phase transitions and other critical phenomena. It also shows how combining multiple defect qubits can be used to probe the system at different points in space. This would allow for the study of non-local correlations, which are difficult to access otherwise and potentially hold valuable information about how energy, magnetization, charge, and information are transported across a sample.

► BibTeX data

@article{Curtis2026nongaussiannoise,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2026-08-27-2197},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2026-08-27-2197},
  title = {Non-{G}aussian {N}oise {M}agnetometry {U}sing {L}ocal {S}pin {Q}ubits},
  author = {Curtis, Jonathan B. and Yacoby, Amir and Demler, Eugene},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {2197},
  month = aug,
  year = {2026}
}

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