Certifying quantum enhancements in thermal machines beyond the Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation

José A. Almanza-Marrero; Gonzalo Manzano

doi:10.22331/q-2025-10-07-1878

Certifying quantum enhancements in thermal machines beyond the Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation

José A. Almanza-Marrero and Gonzalo Manzano

Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems IFISC (UIB-CSIC), Campus Universitat Illes Balears, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain

Published:	2025-10-07, volume 9, page 1878
Editor:	Michele Campisi
Eprint:	arXiv:2403.19280v5
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-10-07-1878
Citation:	Quantum 9, 1878 (2025).

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Abstract

Quantum coherence has been shown to impact the operational capabilities of quantum systems performing thermodynamic tasks in a significant way, and yet the possibility and conditions for genuine coherence-enhanced thermodynamic operation remain unclear. Introducing a comparison with classical machines using the same set of thermodynamic resources, we show that for steady-state quantum thermal machines – both autonomous and externally driven – that interact weakly with thermal reservoirs and work sources, the presence of coherence induced by perturbations in the machine Hamiltonian guarantees a genuine thermodynamic advantage under mild conditions. This advantage applies to both cases where the induced coherence is between levels with different energies or between degenerate levels. On the other hand, we show that engines subjected to noise-induced coherence can be outperformed by classical stochastic engines using exactly the same set of (incoherent) resources. We illustrate our results with three prototypical models of heat engines and refrigerators: the three-level amplifier, the three-qubit autonomous refrigerator, and a noise-induced-coherence machine.

Popular summary

We investigate when quantum coherence truly enhances the performance of thermal machines operating in stationary conditions, both autonomous and externally driven. By comparing quantum engines and refrigerators with classical counterparts that use the same amount of resources (same temperatures of the baths and same energies), we show that while the same power and efficiency can be classically achieved, coherence induced by Hamiltonian interactions provides a genuine thermodynamic advantage, improving the reliability of the machine output. Such advantages may appear even if the thermodynamic uncertainty relation is not violated. In contrast, coherence generated by environmental noise does not guarantee benefits and can even be detrimental. Our results offer a clear way to certify quantum advantages in energy-converting devices, and we test them in three prototypical models of quantum thermal machines.

► BibTeX data

@article{AlmanzaMarrero2025certifyingquantum,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2025-10-07-1878},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-10-07-1878},
  title = {Certifying quantum enhancements in thermal machines beyond the {T}hermodynamic {U}ncertainty {R}elation},
  author = {Almanza-Marrero, Jos{\'{e}} A. and Manzano, Gonzalo},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1878},
  month = oct,
  year = {2025}
}

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