Simulating Meson Scattering on Spin Quantum Simulators

Elizabeth R. Bennewitz; Brayden Ware; Alexander Schuckert; Alessio Lerose; Federica M. Surace; Ron Belyansky; William Morong; De Luo; Arinjoy De; Kate S. Collins; Or Katz; Christopher Monroe; Zohreh Davoudi; Alexey V. Gorshkov

doi:10.22331/q-2025-06-17-1773

Simulating Meson Scattering on Spin Quantum Simulators

Elizabeth R. Bennewitz^1,2, Brayden Ware^1,2, Alexander Schuckert^1,2, Alessio Lerose^3,4, Federica M. Surace⁵, Ron Belyansky^1,2,6, William Morong^1,2, De Luo⁷, Arinjoy De^1,2, Kate S. Collins^1,2, Or Katz^7,8, Christopher Monroe^1,2,7, Zohreh Davoudi^1,9, and Alexey V. Gorshkov^1,2

¹Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
²Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
³Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
⁴Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
⁵Department of Physics and Institute for Quantum Information and Matter, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
⁶Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
⁷Duke Quantum Center, Department of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701 USA
⁸School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
⁹Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA

Published:	2025-06-17, volume 9, page 1773
Editor:	Tommaso Macrì
Eprint:	arXiv:2403.07061v3
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-06-17-1773
Citation:	Quantum 9, 1773 (2025).

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Abstract

Studying high-energy collisions of composite particles, such as hadrons and nuclei, is an outstanding goal for quantum simulators. However, preparation of hadronic wave packets has posed a significant challenge, due to the complexity of hadrons and the precise structure of wave packets. This has limited demonstrations of hadron scattering on quantum simulators to date. Observations of confinement and composite excitations in quantum spin systems have opened up the possibility to explore scattering dynamics in spin models. In this article, we develop two methods to create entangled spin states corresponding to wave packets of composite particles in analog quantum simulators of Ising spin Hamiltonians. One wave-packet preparation method uses the blockade effect enabled by beyond-nearest-neighbor Ising spin interactions. The other method utilizes a quantum-bus-mediated exchange, such as the native spin-phonon coupling in trapped-ion arrays. With a focus on trapped-ion simulators, we numerically benchmark both methods and show that high-fidelity wave packets can be achieved in near-term experiments. We numerically study scattering of wave packets for experimentally realizable parameters in the Ising model and find inelastic-scattering regimes, corresponding to particle production in the scattering event, with prominent and distinct experimental signals. Our proposal, therefore, demonstrates the potential of observing inelastic scattering in near-term quantum simulators.

Popular summary

Scattering particles has long been the primary tool to probe subatomic physics. Numerically simulating particle scattering offers controllable settings to find interesting regimes to test experimentally in particle colliders. Despite the success of classical simulation methods, there are many questions that fall beyond the capabilities of classical techniques. One such question revolves around the role of quark confinement in real-time dynamics of particle scattering. Confinement describes why quarks are never observed as free particles but always bound together in mesons and baryons. Recently, spin systems, such as the Ising model, have been shown to exhibit confinement between anti-aligned spins. This analogous form of confinement has opened up the possibility to explore scattering dynamics in simple toy models using analog quantum simulators.

In our work, we utilize these models of spin confinement to develop an experimental protocol for, and to analyze numerical simulations of, meson scattering. A significant challenge for the experimental demonstration of particle scattering is the preparation of meson wave packets. In this paper, we develop methods to create meson wave packets in analog quantum simulations using existing experimental capabilities. We then numerically study the elastic and inelastic scattering of these mesons in the confined and deconfined regimes of a quantum Ising model with variable interaction range. Notably, we demonstrate evidence for inelastic scattering with a non-negligible probability and prominent signature, making it a promising candidate for resolution in near-term quantum simulators.

Future experimental investigations of gauge theories and scattering on quantum simulators would signify an exciting development for the study of high-energy and nuclear physics using quantum technologies. Through both addressing experimental protocols for scattering and demonstrating a distinguishable inelastic scattering channel, our work outlines a concrete path towards the accomplishment of this goal and sets the stage for more complex scattering in the future.

► BibTeX data

@article{Bennewitz2025simulatingmeson,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2025-06-17-1773},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-06-17-1773},
  title = {Simulating {M}eson {S}cattering on {S}pin {Q}uantum {S}imulators},
  author = {Bennewitz, Elizabeth R. and Ware, Brayden and Schuckert, Alexander and Lerose, Alessio and Surace, Federica M. and Belyansky, Ron and Morong, William and Luo, De and De, Arinjoy and Collins, Kate S. and Katz, Or and Monroe, Christopher and Davoudi, Zohreh and Gorshkov, Alexey V.},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {9},
  pages = {1773},
  month = jun,
  year = {2025}
}

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