Fermionic wave packet scattering: a quantum computing approach
1Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738 Zeuthen, Germany
2Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
3Computation-Based Science and Technology Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 20 Kavafi Street, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
4IBM Quantum, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
5IBM Quantum, IBM Research Europe – Zurich, Rueschlikon 8803, Switzerland
| Published: | 2025-02-19, volume 9, page 1638 |
| Editor: | Álvaro Alhambra |
| Eprint: | arXiv:2312.02272v3 |
| Doi: | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2025-02-19-1638 |
| Citation: | Quantum 9, 1638 (2025). |
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Abstract
Quantum computing provides a novel avenue towards simulating dynamical phenomena, and, in particular, scattering processes relevant for exploring the structure of matter. However, preparing and evolving particle wave packets on a quantum device is a nontrivial task. In this work, we propose a method to prepare Gaussian wave packets with momentum on top of the interacting ground state of a fermionic Hamiltonian. Using Givens rotation, we show how to efficiently obtain expectation values of observables throughout the evolution of the wave packets on digital quantum computers. We demonstrate our technique by applying it to the staggered lattice formulation of the Thirring model and studying the scattering of two wave packets. Monitoring the particle density and the entropy produced during the scattering process, we characterize the phenomenon and provide a first step towards studying more complicated collision processes on digital quantum computers. In addition, we perform a small-scale demonstration on IBM's quantum hardware, showing that our method is suitable for current and near-term quantum devices.
Featured image: Elastic scattering of fermion and antifermion in the Thirring model
Popular summary
Simulating scattering processes involves several challenges. First, an appropriate initial state must be prepared to represent particles with momenta directed towards one another. Second, the initial state must be evolved in time to observe the collision of the particles. Finally, one must be able to measure relevant observables during the evolution.
In this work, we take initial steps towards addressing these challenges and simulating scattering processes on a digital quantum computer. Using the fermionic Thirring model as a test case, we introduce a method for preparing particle wave packets and present a protocol for efficiently extracting relevant observables during the evolution from the quantum device. By conducting a proof-of-principle simulation using IBM’s superconducting quantum hardware, we demonstrate the potential of this approach for studying the dynamics of scattering processes and advancing the understanding of out-of-equilibrium dynamics of quantum systems.
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