Scattering wave packets of hadrons in gauge theories: Preparation on a quantum computer

Zohreh Davoudi; Chung-Chun Hsieh; Saurabh V. Kadam

doi:10.22331/q-2024-11-11-1520

Scattering wave packets of hadrons in gauge theories: Preparation on a quantum computer

Zohreh Davoudi^1,2,3,4,5, Chung-Chun Hsieh^1,2, and Saurabh V. Kadam⁶

¹Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
²Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
³Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
⁴The NSF Institute for Robust Quantum Simulation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
⁵National Quantum Laboratory (QLab), University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
⁶InQubator for Quantum Simulation (IQuS), Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA

Published:	2024-11-11, volume 8, page 1520
Eprint:	arXiv:2402.00840v3
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-11-11-1520
Citation:	Quantum 8, 1520 (2024).

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Abstract

Quantum simulation holds promise of enabling a complete description of high-energy scattering processes rooted in gauge theories of the Standard Model. A first step in such simulations is preparation of interacting hadronic wave packets. To create the wave packets, one typically resorts to adiabatic evolution to bridge between wave packets in the free theory and those in the interacting theory, rendering the simulation resource intensive. In this work, we construct a wave-packet creation operator directly in the interacting theory to circumvent adiabatic evolution, taking advantage of resource-efficient schemes for ground-state preparation, such as variational quantum eigensolvers. By means of an ansatz for bound mesonic excitations in confining gauge theories, which is subsequently optimized using classical or quantum methods, we show that interacting mesonic wave packets can be created efficiently and accurately using digital quantum algorithms that we develop. Specifically, we obtain high-fidelity mesonic wave packets in the $Z_2$ and $U(1)$ lattice gauge theories coupled to fermionic matter in 1+1 dimensions. Our method is applicable to both perturbative and non-perturbative regimes of couplings. The wave-packet creation circuit for the case of the $Z_2$ lattice gauge theory is built and implemented on the Quantinuum $\texttt{H1-1}$ trapped-ion quantum computer using 13 qubits and up to 308 entangling gates. The fidelities agree well with classical benchmark calculations after employing a simple symmetry-based noise-mitigation technique. This work serves as a step toward quantum computing scattering processes in quantum chromodynamics.

Featured image: The method and circuit developed in this work for preparing hadronic scattering wave packets are illustrated in this picture.

Multimedia:

Towards preparation of scattering wave packets of hadrons on a quantum computer by Saurabh Kadam, March 13, 2024, Perimeter Institute Quantum Discussions, DOI: 10.48660/24030115

Scattering wave packets of hadrons in gauge theories: Preparation on quantum computer by Chung-Chun Hsieh

Popular summary

Scattering processes are crucial bridges between theoretical predictions and experimental explorations of our nature. First-principles real-time simulations of scattering of composite particles in nature (such as protons, nuclei, etc.) are challenging with classical computers but are believed to become feasible with quantum computers. Focusing on digital quantum computation, we propose, and experimentally benchmark, a quantum algorithm that prepares the initial states for scattering in a gauge theory coupled to fermions in 1+1 spacetime dimensions. The model we choose confines the elementary excitations, like in the theory of strong force. Therefore, the initial scattering state, i.e., the wave packet, needs to be built from these confined states. We build the interacting content of the confined theory into the wave packets using improved optimization routines, and demonstrate the validity of the algorithm under a wide range of model parameters. This strategy led to an efficient yet robust procedure to create wave packets, as a starting point of simulated scattering experiments, as we demonstrate for a 6-site theory on a quantum computer based on trapped-ion technology. This work, therefore, sets the stage for performing the first real-time simulations of scattering in confining gauge theories on quantum hardware.

► BibTeX data

@article{Davoudi2024scatteringwave,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2024-11-11-1520},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-11-11-1520},
  title = {Scattering wave packets of hadrons in gauge theories: {P}reparation on a quantum computer},
  author = {Davoudi, Zohreh and Hsieh, Chung-Chun and Kadam, Saurabh V.},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1520},
  month = nov,
  year = {2024}
}

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