Quantum Vision Transformers

El Amine Cherrat; Iordanis Kerenidis; Natansh Mathur; Jonas Landman; Martin Strahm; Yun Yvonna Li

doi:10.22331/q-2024-02-22-1265

Quantum Vision Transformers

El Amine Cherrat¹, Iordanis Kerenidis^1,2, Natansh Mathur^1,2, Jonas Landman^3,2, Martin Strahm⁴, and Yun Yvonna Li⁴

¹IRIF, CNRS - Université Paris Cité, France
²QC Ware, Palo Alto, USA and Paris, France
³School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
⁴F. Hoffmann La Roche AG

Published:	2024-02-22, volume 8, page 1265
Eprint:	arXiv:2209.08167v2
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-22-1265
Citation:	Quantum 8, 1265 (2024).

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Abstract

In this work, quantum transformers are designed and analysed in detail by extending the state-of-the-art classical transformer neural network architectures known to be very performant in natural language processing and image analysis. Building upon the previous work, which uses parametrised quantum circuits for data loading and orthogonal neural layers, we introduce three types of quantum transformers for training and inference, including a quantum transformer based on compound matrices, which guarantees a theoretical advantage of the quantum attention mechanism compared to their classical counterpart both in terms of asymptotic run time and the number of model parameters. These quantum architectures can be built using shallow quantum circuits and produce qualitatively different classification models. The three proposed quantum attention layers vary on the spectrum between closely following the classical transformers and exhibiting more quantum characteristics. As building blocks of the quantum transformer, we propose a novel method for loading a matrix as quantum states as well as two new trainable quantum orthogonal layers adaptable to different levels of connectivity and quality of quantum computers. We performed extensive simulations of the quantum transformers on standard medical image datasets that showed competitively, and at times better performance compared to the classical benchmarks, including the best-in-class classical vision transformers. The quantum transformers we trained on these small-scale datasets require fewer parameters compared to standard classical benchmarks. Finally, we implemented our quantum transformers on superconducting quantum computers and obtained encouraging results for up to six qubit experiments.

Featured image: Quantum circuit to execute one attention layer of the Compound Transformer. A matrix data loader followed by an orthogonal quantum layer.

Popular summary

In this study, we explore the potential of quantum computing to enhance neural network architectures, focusing on transformers, known for their effectiveness in tasks like language processing and image analysis. We introduce three types of quantum transformers, leveraging parametrized quantum circuits and orthogonal neural layers. These quantum transformers, under some assumptions (eg. hardware connectivity), could theoretically provide advantages over classical counterparts in terms of both runtime and model parameters. To create these quantum circuit we present a novel method for loading matrices as quantum states and introduce two trainable quantum orthogonal layers adaptable to different quantum computer capabilities. They require shallow quantum circuits, and could help to create classification models with unique characteristics. Extensive simulations on medical image datasets demonstrate competitive performance compared to classical benchmarks, even with fewer parameters. Additionally, experiments on superconducting quantum computers yield promising results.

► BibTeX data

@article{Cherrat2024quantumvision,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2024-02-22-1265},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2024-02-22-1265},
  title = {Quantum {V}ision {T}ransformers},
  author = {Cherrat, El Amine and Kerenidis, Iordanis and Mathur, Natansh and Landman, Jonas and Strahm, Martin and Li, Yun Yvonna},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {1265},
  month = feb,
  year = {2024}
}

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