Symmetry Protected Topological Order in Open Quantum Systems
1Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
2Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, Schellingstraße 4, 80799 München, Germany
3University of Vienna, Faculty of Mathematics, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Wien, Austria
4University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Wien, Austria
| Published: | 2022-11-10, volume 6, page 856 |
| Eprint: | arXiv:2112.04483v3 |
| Doi: | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-11-10-856 |
| Citation: | Quantum 6, 856 (2022). |
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Abstract
We systematically investigate the robustness of symmetry protected topological (SPT) order in open quantum systems by studying the evolution of string order parameters and other probes under noisy channels. We find that one-dimensional SPT order is robust against noisy couplings to the environment that satisfy a strong symmetry condition, while it is destabilized by noise that satisfies only a weak symmetry condition, which generalizes the notion of symmetry for closed systems. We also discuss "transmutation" of SPT phases into other SPT phases of equal or lesser complexity, under noisy channels that satisfy twisted versions of the strong symmetry condition.
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► References
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https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.075125
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https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/aa7e55
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0217-0
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https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-9601(83)90631-X
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https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1153
[3] Ian Affleck, Tom Kennedy, Elliott H. Lieb, and Hal Tasaki. ``Rigorous results on valence-bond ground states in antiferromagnets''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 799–802 (1987).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.799
[4] Marcel den Nijs and Koos Rommelse. ``Preroughening transitions in crystal surfaces and valence-bond phases in quantum spin chains''. Phys. Rev. B 40, 4709–4734 (1989).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.40.4709
[5] Tom Kennedy and Hal Tasaki. ``Hidden $\mathbb{Z}_2\times\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry breaking in haldane-gap antiferromagnets''. Phys. Rev. B 45, 304–307 (1992).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.45.304
[6] Frank Pollmann and Ari M. Turner. ``Detection of symmetry-protected topological phases in one dimension''. Phys. Rev. B 86, 125441 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.86.125441
[7] F. Pollmann, A. M. Turner, E. Berg, and M. Oshikawa. ``Entanglement spectrum of a topological phase in one dimension''. Phys. Rev. B 81, 064439 (2010). arXiv:0910.1811.
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.81.064439
arXiv:0910.1811
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2010.09.012
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arXiv:2011.1212
[10] M B Hastings. ``An area law for one-dimensional quantum systems''. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2007, P08024–P08024 (2007).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2007/08/p08024
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arXiv:cond-mat/0505140
[12] Norbert Schuch, Michael M. Wolf, Frank Verstraete, and J. Ignacio Cirac. ``Entropy scaling and simulability by matrix product states''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 30504 (2008). arXiv:0705.0292.
arXiv:0705.0292
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https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aae9fa
arXiv:1804.0496
[14] Frank Pollmann, Erez Berg, Ari M. Turner, and Masaki Oshikawa. ``Symmetry protection of topological phases in one-dimensional quantum spin systems''. Phys. Rev. B 85, 075125 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.85.075125
[15] Xie Chen, Zheng-Cheng Gu, and Xiao-Gang Wen. ``Classification of gapped symmetric phases in one-dimensional spin systems''. Phys. Rev. B 83, 035107 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.83.035107
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https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.84.165139
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arXiv:1301.0861
[18] Robert Raussendorf, Sergey Bravyi, and Jim Harrington. ``Long-range quantum entanglement in noisy cluster states''. Phys. Rev. A 71, 062313 (2005).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.71.062313
[19] Matthew B. Hastings. ``Topological order at nonzero temperature''. Physical Review Letters 107 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.107.210501
[20] Sam Roberts, Beni Yoshida, Aleksander Kubica, and Stephen D. Bartlett. ``Symmetry-protected topological order at nonzero temperature''. Physical Review A 96 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.96.022306
[21] Sebastian Diehl, Enrique Rico, Mikhail A. Baranov, and Peter Zoller. ``Topology by dissipation in atomic quantum wires''. Nature Physics 7, 971–977 (2011).
https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2106
[22] C-E Bardyn, M A Baranov, C V Kraus, E Rico, A İmamoğlu, P Zoller, and S Diehl. ``Topology by dissipation''. New Journal of Physics 15, 085001 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/8/085001
[23] B. Kraus, H. P. Büchler, S. Diehl, A. Kantian, A. Micheli, and P. Zoller. ``Preparation of entangled states by quantum markov processes''. Physical Review A 78 (2008).
https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.78.042307
[24] Leo Zhou, Soonwon Choi, and Mikhail D. Lukin. ``Symmetry-protected dissipative preparation of matrix product states'' (2017). arXiv:1706.01995.
arXiv:1706.01995
[25] Simon Lieu, Ron Belyansky, Jeremy T. Young, Rex Lundgren, Victor V. Albert, and Alexey V. Gorshkov. ``Symmetry breaking and error correction in open quantum systems''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 240405 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.240405
[26] Victor V. Albert. ``Lindbladians with multiple steady states: theory and applications'' (2018). arXiv:1802.00010.
arXiv:1802.00010
[27] Berislav Buča and Tomaž Prosen. ``A note on symmetry reductions of the lindblad equation: transport in constrained open spin chains''. New Journal of Physics 14, 073007 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/14/7/073007
[28] Victor V. Albert and Liang Jiang. ``Symmetries and conserved quantities in lindblad master equations''. Phys. Rev. A 89, 022118 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.022118
[29] Simon Lieu, Ron Belyansky, Jeremy T. Young, Rex Lundgren, Victor V. Albert, and Alexey V. Gorshkov. ``Symmetry breaking and error correction in open quantum systems''. Physical Review Letters 125 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.125.240405
[30] Andrea Coser and David Pérez-García. ``Classification of phases for mixed states via fast dissipative evolution''. Quantum 3, 174 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-08-12-174
[31] F. Verstraete and J. I. Cirac. ``Matrix product states represent ground states faithfully''. Phys. Rev. B 73, 094423 (2006).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.73.094423
[32] Jacob Biamonte and Ville Bergholm. ``Tensor networks in a nutshell'' (2017). arXiv:1708.00006.
arXiv:1708.00006
[33] Román Orús. ``A practical introduction to tensor networks: Matrix product states and projected entangled pair states''. Annals of Physics 349, 117–158 (2014).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aop.2014.06.013
[34] Jacob C. Bridgeman and Christopher T. Chubb. ``Hand-waving and interpretive dance: An introductory course on tensor networks''. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 (2017). arXiv:1603.03039.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/aa6dc3
arXiv:1603.0303
[35] D. Perez-Garcia, F. Verstraete, M. M. Wolf, and J. I. Cirac. ``Matrix product state representations''. Quantum Info. Comput. 7, 401–430 (2007).
https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.quant-ph/0608197
arXiv:quant-ph/0608197
[36] Michael A. Nielsen and Isaac L. Chuang. ``Quantum computation and quantum information: 10th anniversary edition''. Cambridge University Press. (2010).
[37] Michael M. Wolf. ``Quantum channels and operations: Guided tour'' (2012).
[38] Giuliano Benenti, Giulio Casati, and Giuliano Strini. ``Principles of quantum computation and information''. World Scientific. (2004). arXiv:https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/5528.
https://doi.org/10.1142/5528
arXiv:https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/5528
[39] W. Fulton and J. Harris. ``Representation theory: A first course''. Springer New York. (2013). url: books.google.de/books?id=6TwmBQAAQBAJ.
https://books.google.de/books?id=6TwmBQAAQBAJ
[40] Heinz-Peter Breuer and Francesco Petruccione. ``The Theory of Open Quantum Systems''. Oxford University Press. (2007).
https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213900.001.0001
[41] Jutho Haegeman, David Pérez-García, Ignacio Cirac, and Norbert Schuch. ``Order parameter for symmetry-protected phases in one dimension''. Physical Review Letters 109 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.109.050402
[42] Ken Shiozaki and Shinsei Ryu. ``Matrix product states and equivariant topological field theories for bosonic symmetry-protected topological phases in (1+1) dimensions''. J. High Energ. Phys. 100 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2017)100
[43] Anton Kapustin, Alex Turzillo, and Minyoung You. ``Topological field theory and matrix product states''. Phys. Rev. B 96, 075125 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.075125
[44] Dominic V Else, Stephen D Bartlett, and Andrew C Doherty. ``Symmetry protection of measurement-based quantum computation in ground states''. New Journal of Physics 14, 113016 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/14/11/113016
[45] Caroline de Groot, David T Stephen, Andras Molnar, and Norbert Schuch. ``Inaccessible entanglement in symmetry protected topological phases''. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 53, 335302 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab98c7
[46] I.A.G. Berkovich, L.S. Kazarin, and E.M. Zhmud. ``Characters of finite groups''. De Gruyter. (2018).
[47] Lorenzo Piroli and J. Ignacio Cirac. ``Quantum cellular automata, tensor networks, and area laws''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 190402 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.190402
[48] J Ignacio Cirac, David Perez-Garcia, Norbert Schuch, and Frank Verstraete. ``Matrix product unitaries: structure, symmetries, and topological invariants''. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment 2017, 083105 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/aa7e55
[49] M. Burak Şahinoğlu, Sujeet K. Shukla, Feng Bi, and Xie Chen. ``Matrix product representation of locality preserving unitaries''. Phys. Rev. B 98, 245122 (2018).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.98.245122
[50] D. Gross, V. Nesme, and H. Vogts. ``Index theory of one dimensional quantum walks and cellular automata''. Commun. Math. Phys. 310, 419–454 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-012-1423-1
[51] Zongping Gong, Christoph Sünderhauf, Norbert Schuch, and J. Ignacio Cirac. ``Classification of matrix-product unitaries with symmetries''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 100402 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.100402
[52] David T. Stephen, Dong-Sheng Wang, Abhishodh Prakash, Tzu-Chieh Wei, and Robert Raussendorf. ``Computational power of symmetry-protected topological phases''. Physical Review Letters 119 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.119.010504
[53] Adam Smith, M. S. Kim, Frank Pollmann, and Johannes Knolle. ``Simulating quantum many-body dynamics on a current digital quantum computer''. npj Quantum Information 5 (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-019-0217-0
[54] Daniel Azses, Rafael Haenel, Yehuda Naveh, Robert Raussendorf, Eran Sela, and Emanuele G. Dalla Torre. ``Identification of symmetry-protected topological states on noisy quantum computers''. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 120502 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.120502
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[5] Ruochen Ma and Alex Turzillo, "Symmetry-Protected Topological Phases of Mixed States in the Doubled Space", PRX Quantum 6 1, 010348 (2025).
[6] Yijian Zou, Shengqi Sang, and Timothy H. Hsieh, "Channeling Quantum Criticality", Physical Review Letters 130 25, 250403 (2023).
[7] Shengqi Sang, Timothy H. Hsieh, and Yijian Zou, "Approximate Quantum Error Correcting Codes from Conformal Field Theory", Physical Review Letters 133 21, 210601 (2024).
[8] Leonardo A. Lessa, Meng Cheng, and Chong Wang, "Mixed-State Quantum Anomaly and Multipartite Entanglement", Physical Review X 15 1, 011069 (2025).
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[22] Liang Mao, Hui Zhai, and Fan Yang, "Probing the Topology of Fermionic Gaussian Mixed States with U(1) symmetry by Full Counting Statistics", Chinese Physics Letters 42 6, 067401 (2025).
[23] Midhun Krishna, Harshank Shrotriya, Leong-Chuan Kwek, Varun Narasimhachar, and Sai Vinjanampathy, "Amplification, mitigation and energy storage via constrained thermalization", Quantum Science and Technology 10 3, 035023 (2025).
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[25] Seunghun Lee and Eun-Gook Moon, "Mixed-State Topological Order under Coherent Noise", PRX Quantum 6 3, 030355 (2025).
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[49] Jinmin Yi, Kangle Li, Chuan Liu, Zixuan Li, and Liujun Zou, "Universal Decay of Mutual Information and Conditional Mutual Information in Gapped Pure- and Mixed-State Quantum Matter", Physical Review Letters 136 11, 116604 (2026).
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