Extraction of ergotropy: free energy bound and application to open cycle engines

Tanmoy Biswas; Marcin Łobejko; Paweł Mazurek; Konrad Jałowiecki; Michał Horodecki

doi:10.22331/q-2022-10-17-841

Extraction of ergotropy: free energy bound and application to open cycle engines

Tanmoy Biswas¹, Marcin Łobejko¹, Paweł Mazurek¹, Konrad Jałowiecki², and Michał Horodecki¹

¹International Centre for Theory of Quantum Technologies, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
²Institute of Theoretical and Applied Informatics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Bałtycka 5, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland

Published:	2022-10-17, volume 6, page 841
Eprint:	arXiv:2205.06455v4
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-10-17-841
Citation:	Quantum 6, 841 (2022).

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Abstract

The second law of thermodynamics uses change in free energy of macroscopic systems to set a bound on performed work. Ergotropy plays a similar role in microscopic scenarios, and is defined as the maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from a system by a unitary operation. In this analysis, we quantify how much ergotropy can be induced on a system as a result of system's interaction with a thermal bath, with a perspective of using it as a source of work performed by microscopic machines. We provide the fundamental bound on the amount of ergotropy which can be extracted from environment in this way. The bound is expressed in terms of the non-equilibrium free energy difference and can be saturated in the limit of infinite dimension of the system's Hamiltonian. The ergotropy extraction process leading to this saturation is numerically analyzed for finite dimensional systems. Furthermore, we apply the idea of extraction of ergotropy from environment in a design of a new class of stroke heat engines, which we label open-cycle engines. Efficiency and work production of these machines can be completely optimized for systems of dimensions 2 and 3, and numerical analysis is provided for higher dimensions.

► BibTeX data

@article{Biswas2022extractionof,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2022-10-17-841},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-10-17-841},
  title = {Extraction of ergotropy: free energy bound and application to open cycle engines},
  author = {Biswas, Tanmoy and {\L{}}obejko, Marcin and Mazurek, Pawe{\l{}} and Ja{\l{}}owiecki, Konrad and Horodecki, Micha{\l{}}},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {841},
  month = oct,
  year = {2022}
}

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