General parameter-shift rules for quantum gradients

David Wierichs; Josh Izaac; Cody Wang; Cedric Yen-Yu Lin

doi:10.22331/q-2022-03-30-677

General parameter-shift rules for quantum gradients

David Wierichs^1,2, Josh Izaac¹, Cody Wang³, and Cedric Yen-Yu Lin³

¹Xanadu, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C8, Canada
²Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, Germany
³AWS Quantum Technologies, Seattle, Washington 98170, USA

Published:	2022-03-30, volume 6, page 677
Eprint:	arXiv:2107.12390v3
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-03-30-677
Citation:	Quantum 6, 677 (2022).

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Abstract

Variational quantum algorithms are ubiquitous in applications of noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. Due to the structure of conventional parametrized quantum gates, the evaluated functions typically are finite Fourier series of the input parameters. In this work, we use this fact to derive new, general parameter-shift rules for single-parameter gates, and provide closed-form expressions to apply them. These rules are then extended to multi-parameter quantum gates by combining them with the stochastic parameter-shift rule. We perform a systematic analysis of quantum resource requirements for each rule, and show that a reduction in resources is possible for higher-order derivatives. Using the example of the quantum approximate optimization algorithm, we show that the generalized parameter-shift rule can reduce the number of circuit evaluations significantly when computing derivatives with respect to parameters that feed into many gates. Our approach additionally reproduces reconstructions of the evaluated function up to a chosen order, leading to known generalizations of the Rotosolve optimizer and new extensions of the quantum analytic descent optimization algorithm.

Featured image: Parametrized quantum circuits allow for differentiation via parameter-shift rules

Cody Wang on general parameter-shift rules

A PennyLane demo on general parameter-shift rules:
https://pennylane.ai/qml/demos/tutorial_general_parshift.html

Popular summary

Many near-term applications of quantum computing are concerned with parametrized quantum circuits and cost functions arising from them. This cost function is to be minimized, which often is done with optimization algorithms that use the gradient or higher-order derivatives. These derivatives can in turn be computed using so-called parameter-shift rules.
Previously, shift rules were known for all single-parameter quantum gates $U(x)=\exp(ixG)$ that are generated by operators satisfying the relation $G^3=G$. Other gates had to be decomposed into gates of this form in order to compute the cost function derivatives via a parameter-shift rule. In this work, we present general parameter-shift rules for all single-parameter gates. We compare the cost of these rules to that of decomposing a gate and applying the original shift rule to the constituents and find that the general shift rule can reduce the cost significantly for large gates that are relevant in applications. This advantage over decomposition-based derivatives grows with the order of the derivative.
Our approach is based on a discrete Fourier transform and is directly linked to known optimization algorithms that use single-parameter reconstructions of the cost function. The new shift rule allows gradient-based optimizers to run at the same cost as these reconstruction-based algorithms.

► BibTeX data

@article{Wierichs2022generalparameter,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2022-03-30-677},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-03-30-677},
  title = {General parameter-shift rules for quantum gradients},
  author = {Wierichs, David and Izaac, Josh and Wang, Cody and Lin, Cedric Yen-Yu},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {677},
  month = mar,
  year = {2022}
}

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