Proposal for room-temperature quantum repeaters with nitrogen-vacancy centers and optomechanics

Jia-Wei Ji; Yu-Feng Wu; Stephen C. Wein; Faezeh Kimiaee Asadi; Roohollah Ghobadi; Christoph Simon

doi:10.22331/q-2022-03-17-669

Proposal for room-temperature quantum repeaters with nitrogen-vacancy centers and optomechanics

Jia-Wei Ji, Yu-Feng Wu, Stephen C. Wein, Faezeh Kimiaee Asadi, Roohollah Ghobadi, and Christoph Simon

Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, and Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

Published:	2022-03-17, volume 6, page 669
Eprint:	arXiv:2203.06611v3
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-03-17-669
Citation:	Quantum 6, 669 (2022).

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Updated after initial publication: This publication was updated to version v3 after the initial publication.

Abstract

We propose a quantum repeater architecture that can operate under ambient conditions. Our proposal builds on recent progress towards non-cryogenic spin-photon interfaces based on nitrogen-vacancy centers, which have excellent spin coherence times even at room temperature, and optomechanics, which allows to avoid phonon-related decoherence and also allows the emitted photons to be in the telecom band. We apply the photon number decomposition method to quantify the fidelity and the efficiency of entanglement established between two remote electron spins. We describe how the entanglement can be stored in nuclear spins and extended to long distances via quasi-deterministic entanglement swapping operations involving the electron and nuclear spins. We furthermore propose schemes to achieve high-fidelity readout of the spin states at room temperature using the spin-optomechanics interface. Our work shows that long-distance quantum networks made of solid-state components that operate at room temperature are within reach of current technological capabilities.

Featured image: Room-temperature quantum repeater architecture. Here, we just show four nodes and three links to demonstrate the basic logic of the quantum repeater protocol, which proceeds in four steps. Step 1 is to generate the entanglement between two remote NV electron spins using the spin-optomechanics interface. Step 2 is the memory mapping, which stores the entanglement between two electron spins into the entanglement between two nuclear spins. Step 3 is the same as step 1 for generating the entanglement between two remote NV electron spins. Step 4 is to perform the entanglement swapping that establishes the entanglement only between the first and the last nuclear spins.

ERRATUM

The erratum to this paper has corrected the wrong attenuation length used in the previous paper which produced incorrect repeater rate and fidelity estimates. In this updated version, we investigated the performance of nonmultiplexed and multiplexed repeaters and found that multiplexing is an indispensable part of the proposal that allows for boosted rates and feasible entanglement fidelities at long distances. In particular, Section 4 was substantially rewritten, and Fig. 7 was updated to take into account multiplexing and spin decoherence. In the Appendix, we also added S7 to discuss how to choose the number of multiplexing channels and links to optimize repeater rates and fidelities.

Popular summary

The quantum internet promises to revolutionise information technology, offering new applications such as quantum-secured communication and, in the longer term, distributed quantum computing. This vision relies on the ability to distribute entanglement over long distances, which will likely require quantum repeaters. Most current approaches to quantum repeaters rely on cooling quantum systems to ultra-low temperatures. While this is feasible, it does increase experimental complexity and cost and thus limits the scalability of such approaches. Scalability considerations also tend to favour solid-state implementations.

Motivated by these considerations, we propose a complete solid-state quantum repeater architecture that can operate under ambient conditions. We leverage the unique characteristics of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond, which have excellent electron spin and nuclear spin coherence even at room temperature. We show that spin-optomechanical interfaces make it possible to create high-fidelity entanglement between remote electron spins at room temperature, circumventing the phonon-induced broadening of the optical transitions. We furthermore show that the same interfaces can also be used to read out the spin states. While we focus on quantum repeaters for this initial proposal, there is a clear path to extend our approach to allow the implementation of fault-tolerant distributed quantum computing as well. Our proposal is a significant step towards the practical implementation of the quantum internet, which will stimulate many exciting new experiments and theoretical studies.

► BibTeX data

@article{Ji2022proposalroom,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2022-03-17-669},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-03-17-669},
  title = {Proposal for room-temperature quantum repeaters with nitrogen-vacancy centers and optomechanics},
  author = {Ji, Jia-Wei and Wu, Yu-Feng and Wein, Stephen C. and Asadi, Faezeh Kimiaee and Ghobadi, Roohollah and Simon, Christoph},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {6},
  pages = {669},
  month = mar,
  year = {2022}
}

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[2] Daniel B. Higginbottom, Faezeh Kimiaee Asadi, Camille Chartrand, Jia-Wei Ji, Laurent Bergeron, Michael L.W. Thewalt, Christoph Simon, and Stephanie Simmons, "Memory and Transduction Prospects for Silicon T Center Devices", PRX Quantum 4 2, 020308 (2023).

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