Explicit asymptotic secret key rate of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with an arbitrary modulation

Aurélie Denys; Peter Brown; Anthony Leverrier

doi:10.22331/q-2021-09-13-540

Explicit asymptotic secret key rate of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with an arbitrary modulation

Aurélie Denys¹, Peter Brown², and Anthony Leverrier¹

¹Inria, France
²ENS Lyon, France

Published:	2021-09-13, volume 5, page 540
Eprint:	arXiv:2103.13945v3
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-13-540
Citation:	Quantum 5, 540 (2021).

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Abstract

We establish an analytical lower bound on the asymptotic secret key rate of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with an arbitrary modulation of coherent states. Previously, such bounds were only available for protocols with a Gaussian modulation, and numerical bounds existed in the case of simple phase-shift-keying modulations. The latter bounds were obtained as a solution of convex optimization problems and our new analytical bound matches the results of Ghorai $\textit{et al.}$ (2019), up to numerical precision. The more relevant case of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) could not be analyzed with the previous techniques, due to their large number of coherent states. Our bound shows that relatively small constellation sizes, with say 64 states, are essentially sufficient to obtain a performance close to a true Gaussian modulation and are therefore an attractive solution for large-scale deployment of continuous-variable quantum key distribution. We also derive similar bounds when the modulation consists of arbitrary states, not necessarily pure.

Popular summary

Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two distant agents to generate a shared secret key using an untrusted quantum channel and classical communication. It is a promising near-term application of quantum technologies, enabling information-theoretically secure communication. QKD schemes that operate using continuous variable (CV) systems are particularly interesting in this regard as they can likely be integrated into existing telecom networks. However, analyzing CV QKD protocols is difficult due to the infinite dimensional nature of the underlying Fock space and a pressing open problem is how to obtain reasonably tight bounds on the secret key rates for general protocols.
In this work, we provide a solution to this problem by deriving an explicit analytical lower bound on the asymptotic secret key rate of any standard one-way CV QKD protocol. Our analytical results allow us to account for imperfections in the state preparation and also straightforwardly to optimize the preparation constellations, further improving performance of the protocols.

► BibTeX data

@article{Denys2021explicitasymptotic,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2021-09-13-540},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-13-540},
  title = {Explicit asymptotic secret key rate of continuous-variable quantum key distribution with an arbitrary modulation},
  author = {Denys, Aur{\'{e}}lie and Brown, Peter and Leverrier, Anthony},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {5},
  pages = {540},
  month = sep,
  year = {2021}
}

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