# On the distribution of the mean energy in the unitary orbit of quantum states

Raffaele Salvia1 and Vittorio Giovannetti2

1Scuola Normale Superiore and University of Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
2NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

### Abstract

Given a closed quantum system, the states that can be reached with a cyclic process are those with the same spectrum as the initial state. Here we prove that, under a very general assumption on the Hamiltonian, the distribution of the mean extractable work is very close to a gaussian with respect to the Haar measure. We derive bounds for both the moments of the distribution of the mean energy of the state and for its characteristic function, showing that the discrepancy with the normal distribution is increasingly suppressed for large dimensions of the system Hilbert space.

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### Cited by

[1] Felipe Barra, "Efficiency Fluctuations in a Quantum Battery Charged by a Repeated Interaction Process", Entropy 24 6, 820 (2022).

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