Quantum computing with neutral atoms

Loïc Henriet; Lucas Beguin; Adrien Signoles; Thierry Lahaye; Antoine Browaeys; Georges-Olivier Reymond; Christophe Jurczak

doi:10.22331/q-2020-09-21-327

Quantum computing with neutral atoms

Loïc Henriet¹, Lucas Beguin¹, Adrien Signoles¹, Thierry Lahaye^1,2, Antoine Browaeys^1,2, Georges-Olivier Reymond¹, and Christophe Jurczak^1,3

¹Pasqal, 2 avenue Augustin Fresnel, 91120 Palaiseau, France
²Université Paris-Saclay, Institut d'Optique Graduate School, CNRS, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, 91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France
³Quantonation, 58 rue d'Hauteville, 75010 Paris, France

Published:	2020-09-21, volume 4, page 327
Eprint:	arXiv:2006.12326v2
Doi:	https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-09-21-327
Citation:	Quantum 4, 327 (2020).

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Abstract

The manipulation of neutral atoms by light is at the heart of countless scientific discoveries in the field of quantum physics in the last three decades. The level of control that has been achieved at the single particle level within arrays of optical traps, while preserving the fundamental properties of quantum matter (coherence, entanglement, superposition), makes these technologies prime candidates to implement disruptive computation paradigms. In this paper, we review the main characteristics of these devices from atoms / qubits to application interfaces, and propose a classification of a wide variety of tasks that can already be addressed in a computationally efficient manner in the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum[1] era we are in. We illustrate how applications ranging from optimization challenges to simulation of quantum systems can be explored either at the digital level (programming gate-based circuits) or at the analog level (programming Hamiltonian sequences). We give evidence of the intrinsic scalability of neutral atom quantum processors in the 100-1,000 qubits range and introduce prospects for universal fault tolerant quantum computing and applications beyond quantum computing.

► BibTeX data

@article{Henriet2020quantumcomputing,
  doi = {10.22331/q-2020-09-21-327},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-09-21-327},
  title = {Quantum computing with neutral atoms},
  author = {Henriet, Lo{\"{i}}c and Beguin, Lucas and Signoles, Adrien and Lahaye, Thierry and Browaeys, Antoine and Reymond, Georges-Olivier and Jurczak, Christophe},
  journal = {{Quantum}},
  issn = {2521-327X},
  publisher = {{Verein zur F{\"{o}}rderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften}},
  volume = {4},
  pages = {327},
  month = sep,
  year = {2020}
}

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[53] Daniel González-Cuadra, Torsten V. Zache, Jose Carrasco, Barbara Kraus, and Peter Zoller, "Hardware Efficient Quantum Simulation of Non-Abelian Gauge Theories with Qudits on Rydberg Platforms", Physical Review Letters 129 16, 160501 (2022).

[54] Sina Zeytinoğlu and Sho Sugiura, "Error-robust quantum signal processing using Rydberg atoms", Physical Review Research 6 1, 013003 (2024).

[55] Seokho Jeong, Xiao-Feng Shi, Minhyuk Kim, and Jaewook Ahn, "Rydberg Wire Gates for Universal Quantum Computation", Frontiers in Physics 10, 875673 (2022).

[56] Marco Russo, Edoardo Giusto, and Bartolomeo Montrucchio, 2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 219 (2023) ISBN:979-8-3503-4323-6.

[57] Daniel Schoenberger, Stefan Hillmich, Matthias Brandl, and Robert Wille, "Shuttling for Scalable Trapped-Ion Quantum Computers", IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 44 6, 2144 (2025).

[58] Samuel Deleplanque, Luis Fernando Pérez Armas, and Stefan Creemers, "solQHealer: Quantum Procedures for Rendering Infeasible Solutions Feasible: A Proof of Concept with the Maximum Independent Set Problem and 3-SAT", Journal of Heuristics 31 3, 30 (2025).

[59] Aleksey K. Fedorov, Evgeniy O. Kiktenko, Kseniya Yu. Khabarova, and Nikolai N. Kolachevsky, "Quantum entanglement, teleportation, and randomness: Nobel Prize in Physics 2022", Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 193 11, 1162 (2023).

[60] Björn Sbierski, Marcus Bintz, Shubhayu Chatterjee, Michael Schuler, Norman Y. Yao, and Lode Pollet, "Magnetism in the two-dimensional dipolar XY model", Physical Review B 109 14, 144411 (2024).

[61] Steven K. Pampel, Matteo Marinelli, Mark O. Brown, José P. D’Incao, and Cindy A. Regal, "Quantifying Light-Assisted Collisions in Optical Tweezers across the Hyperfine Spectrum", Physical Review Letters 134 1, 013202 (2025).

[62] S. A. Bondza, T. Leopold, R. Schwarz, and C. Lisdat, "Achromatic, planar Fresnel-reflector for a single-beam magneto-optical trap", Review of Scientific Instruments 95 1, 013202 (2024).

[63] Warley M. S. Alves and Leonardo Neves, "Ptychographic estimation of pure multiqubit states in a quantum device", APL Quantum 1 4, 046115 (2024).

[64] Oleksandr Kyriienko and Vincent E. Elfving, "Generalized quantum circuit differentiation rules", Physical Review A 104 5, 052417 (2021).

[65] Lucas Leclerc, Constantin Dalyac, Pascale Bendotti, Rodolphe Griset, Joseph Mikael, and Loic Henriet, "Implementing transferable annealing protocols for combinatorial optimization on neutral-atom quantum processors: A case study on smart charging of electric vehicles", Physical Review A 111 3, 032611 (2025).

[66] Huan Wang, Shangguo Zhu, Yun Long, Fei Zhang, Yinghui Guo, Mingbo Pu, and Xiangang Luo, "Polarization-selective quantum cooperative response in dual-species atom arrays", Optics Letters 51 9, 2536 (2026).

[67] Benjamin C B Symons, David Galvin, Emre Sahin, Vassil Alexandrov, and Stefano Mensa, "A practitioner’s guide to quantum algorithms for optimisation problems", Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 56 45, 453001 (2023).

[68] Samuel Stein, Chenxu Liu, Shuwen Kan, Eleanor Crane, Yufei Ding, Ying Mao, Alexander Schuckert, and Ang Li, "Multitarget Rydberg gates via spatial blockade engineering", Physical Review Research 8 1, 013254 (2026).

[69] Sergi Julià-Farré, Javier Argüello-Luengo, Loïc Henriet, and Alexandre Dauphin, "Quantized Thouless pumps protected by interactions in dimerized Rydberg tweezer arrays", Physical Review A 110 2, 023328 (2024).

[70] Zhi 智 Tan 谭, Bo 博 Lu 鹿, Chengyin 成银 Han 韩, and Chaohong 朝红 Lee 李, "Compact magneto-optical traps using planar optics", Chinese Physics B 33 9, 093701 (2024).

[71] Francesco Turro, Kyle A. Wendt, Sofia Quaglioni, Francesco Pederiva, and Alessandro Roggero, "Evaluation of phase shifts for nonrelativistic elastic scattering using quantum computers", Physical Review C 110 5, 054604 (2024).

[72] Chukwudubem Umeano, François Jamet, Lachlan P. Lindoy, Ivan Rungger, and Oleksandr Kyriienko, "Quantum subspace expansion approach for simulating dynamical response functions of Kitaev spin liquids", Physical Review Materials 9 3, 034401 (2025).

[73] Julian K. Nauth and Vladimir M. Stojanović, "Quantum-brachistochrone approach to the conversion from W to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states for Rydberg-atom qubits", Physical Review A 106 3, 032605 (2022).

[74] Michael Fellner, Kilian Ender, Roeland ter Hoeven, and Wolfgang Lechner, "Parity Quantum Optimization: Benchmarks", Quantum 7, 952 (2023).

[75] Chang Jae Lee, "Limits of the adiabaticity assumption and conditions for improving laser focusing of atomic matter wave", Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 43 3, 460 (2022).

[76] I. I. Ryabtsev, I. N. Ashkarin, I. I. Beterov, D. B. Tretyakov, E. A. Yakshina, V. M. Entin, and P. Cheinet, "Splitting of the three-body Förster resonance in Rb Rydberg atoms as a measure of the dipole-dipole interaction strength", Physical Review A 112 6, 063108 (2025).

[77] Giovanni Cataldi, Ashkan Abedi, Giuseppe Magnifico, Simone Notarnicola, Nicola Dalla Pozza, Vittorio Giovannetti, and Simone Montangero, "Hilbert curve vs Hilbert space: exploiting fractal 2D covering to increase tensor network efficiency", Quantum 5, 556 (2021).

[78] Y. Wei, M. Artoni, G. C. La Rocca, J. H. Wu, and X. Q. Shao, "Enhancing ground-state interaction strength of neutral atoms via Floquet stroboscopic dynamics", Physical Review A 113 3, 032812 (2026).

[79] I. I. Beterov, E. A. Yakshina, P. I. Betleni, V. V. Gromyko, G. Suliman, A. M. Farouk, I. V. Khorsova, S. A. Spirin, D. B. Tretyakov, V. M. Entin, N. N. Bezuglov, Peng Xu, and I. I. Ryabtsev, "Arrays of Individually Addressed Ultracold Atoms as Physical Platform for Quantum Computing", Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 90 5, 796 (2026).

[80] L. V. Gerasimov, D. V. Kupriyanov, and S. S. Straupe, "Optimization of Entangling Logic Gates Based on the Rydberg Blockade Effect", Žurnal èksperimentalʹnoj i teoretičeskoj fiziki 164 2, 180 (2023).

[81] Kavita Saini, Ritu Gupta, and Sandhya Pundhir, Advances in Computers 138, 149 (2025) ISBN:9780323914789.

[82] Stéphane Louise, 2024 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 1149 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3315-4137-8.

[83] Sven Jandura, Jeff D. Thompson, and Guido Pupillo, "Optimizing Rydberg Gates for Logical-Qubit Performance", PRX Quantum 4 2, 020336 (2023).

[84] Joseph C. Bardin, Daniel H. Slichter, and David J. Reilly, "Microwaves in Quantum Computing", IEEE Journal of Microwaves 1 1, 403 (2021).

[85] Lucas Leclerc and Loic Henriet, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 839 (2022) ISBN:978-1-6654-9113-6.

[86] WANG Xiaofeng, "Fast Preparation of Bell-Type Entangled States Between the Ground and Rydberg States of Neutral <sup>171</sup>Yb Atoms Based on Shortcut to Adiabaticity via Invariants", Acta Physica Sinica 75 16(2026).

[87] Joseph Vovrosh, Tiago Mendes-Santos, Hadriel Mamann, Kemal Bidzhiev, Fergus Hayes, Bruno Ximenez, Lucas Béguin, Constantin Dalyac, and Alexandre Dauphin, "Resource Assessment of Classical and Quantum Hardware for Post-Quench Dynamics", PRX Energy 5 3, 033007 (2026).

[88] Kapil Goswami, Peter Schmelcher, and Rick Mukherjee, "Integer programming using a single atom", Quantum Science and Technology 9 4, 045016 (2024).

[89] Zhao Jin, Yu-Ting Xiao, Wen-Long Sun, Ya-Nan Zhang, Chuan-Jie Liang, Tong-Rui Cui, Qing Yang, Xue-Si Li, and Zhong-Ju Liu, "Accelerated dissipative preparation of two-atom entanglement in Rydberg atoms via Lyapunov control and coherent population trapping", Optics & Laser Technology 203, 115565 (2026).

[90] Mauro D'Arcangelo, Louis-Paul Henry, Loïc Henriet, Daniele Loco, Nicolaï Gouraud, Stanislas Angebault, Jules Sueiro, Jérôme Forêt, Pierre Monmarché, and Jean-Philip Piquemal, "Leveraging analog quantum computing with neutral atoms for solvent configuration prediction in drug discovery", Physical Review Research 6 4, 043020 (2024).

[91] M. Seubert, L. Hartung, S. Welte, G. Rempe, and E. Distante, "Tweezer-Assisted Subwavelength Positioning of Atomic Arrays in an Optical Cavity", PRX Quantum 6 1, 010322 (2025).

[92] Edoardo Giusto, Gabriele Iurlaro, Bartolomeo Montrucchio, Alberto Scionti, Olivier Terzo, Chiara Vercellino, Giacomo Vitali, and Paolo Viviani, 2024 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 296 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3315-4137-8.

[93] Mamtha Prajapati and Kalyan Babu Killana, 2025 3rd International Conference on Device Intelligence, Computing and Communication Technologies (DICCT) 230 (2025) ISBN:979-8-3315-4335-8.

[94] F. Turro, T. Chistolini, A. Hashim, Y. Kim, W. Livingston, J. M. Kreikebaum, K. A. Wendt, J. L. Dubois, F. Pederiva, S. Quaglioni, D. I. Santiago, and I. Siddiqi, "Demonstration of a quantum-classical coprocessing protocol for simulating nuclear reactions", Physical Review A 108 3, 032417 (2023).

[95] J. Mangaiyarkkarasi and J. Shanthalakshmi Revathy, Advances in Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering 93 (2024) ISBN:9798369370766.

[96] Chris Palmer, "Quantum Computing Quickly Scores Second Claim of Supremacy", Engineering 7 9, 1199 (2021).

[97] Lars Pause, Lukas Sturm, Marcel Mittenbühler, Stephan Amann, Tilman Preuschoff, Dominik Schäffner, Malte Schlosser, and Gerhard Birkl, "Supercharged two-dimensional tweezer array with more than 1000 atomic qubits", Optica 11 2, 222 (2024).

[98] Xianquan Yu, Jinchao Mo, Tiangao Lu, Ting You Tan, and Travis L. Nicholson, "Magneto-optical trapping of a group-III atom", Physical Review A 105 6, L061101 (2022).

[99] Omar Morandi, Sara Nicoletti, Vladislav Gavryusev, and Leonardo Fallani, "Optimal control in phase space applied to minimal-time transfer of thermal atoms in optical traps", Physical Review A 111 6, 063312 (2025).

[100] Marcin Dukalski, Diego Rovetta, Stan van der Linde, Matthias Möller, Niels Neumann, and Frank Phillipson, "Quantum computer-assisted global optimization in geophysics illustrated with stack-power maximization for refraction residual statics estimation", Geophysics 88 2, V75 (2023).

[101] A Miethke, L P Kozhiparambil Sajith, and A Görlitz, "Isotope dependence of ytterbium Rydberg states", Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics 59 14, 145001 (2026).

[102] Till Klostermann, Cesar R. Cabrera, Hendrik von Raven, Julian F. Wienand, Christian Schweizer, Immanuel Bloch, and Monika Aidelsburger, "Fast long-distance transport of cold cesium atoms", Physical Review A 105 4, 043319 (2022).

[103] F. Tejo, C. Zambrano-Rabanal, V. L. Carvalho-Santos, and N. Vidal-Silva, "Bloch point nanospheres for the design of magnetic traps", Applied Physics Letters 123 10, 102405 (2023).

[104] Hirad Alipanah, Feng Zhang, Yong-Xin Yao, Richard Thompson, Nam Nguyen, Junyu Liu, Peyman Givi, Brian J. McDermott, and Juan José Mendoza-Arenas, "Quantum dynamics simulation of the advection-diffusion equation", Physical Review Research 7 4, 043318 (2025).

[105] Fidele J. Twagirayezu, "Quantum energy teleportation in strong-field driven atomic systems", Discover Quantum Science 2 1, 23 (2026).

[106] Swaroop Ghosh, Suryansh Upadhyay, and Abdullah Ash Saki, "A Primer on Security of Quantum Computing Hardware", Proceedings of the IEEE 113 7, 640 (2025).

[107] Liam Doyle, Fargol Seifollahi, and Chandralekha Singh, "Do we have a quantum computer? Expert perspectives on current state and future prospects", Physical Review Physics Education Research 22 1, 010101 (2026).

[108] Xi Cao, Maria Mucci, Gangqiang Liu, David Pekker, and Michael Hatridge, "Engineering a Multilevel Bath for Transmons with Three-Wave Mixing and Parametric Drives", Physical Review Letters 135 23, 230403 (2025).

[109] Jason Ludmir and Tirthak Patel, SC24: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis 1 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3503-5291-7.

[110] Rui Li, Min-Hua Zhang, and Jing Qian, "Optimized ancillary drive for fast Rydberg entangling gates", Physical Review A 113 3, 032614 (2026).

[111] Kai-Niklas Schymik, Sara Pancaldi, Florence Nogrette, Daniel Barredo, Julien Paris, Antoine Browaeys, and Thierry Lahaye, "Single Atoms with 6000-Second Trapping Lifetimes in Optical-Tweezer Arrays at Cryogenic Temperatures", Physical Review Applied 16 3, 034013 (2021).

[112] Constantin Dalyac, Loïc Henriet, Emmanuel Jeandel, Wolfgang Lechner, Simon Perdrix, Marc Porcheron, and Margarita Veshchezerova, "Qualifying quantum approaches for hard industrial optimization problems. A case study in the field of smart-charging of electric vehicles", EPJ Quantum Technology 8 1, 12 (2021).

[113] Marco Maronese, Massimiliano Incudini, Luca Asproni, and Enrico Prati, "The Quantum Amplitude Estimation Algorithms on Near-Term Devices: A Practical Guide", Quantum Reports 6 1, 1 (2023).

[114] Xiaolong Deng, Martin Schulz, and Laura Schulz, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15580, 325 (2025) ISBN:978-3-031-85699-0.

[115] Michal Matulík, Radim Filip, and Petr Marek, "Teleportation-based squeezer for bosonic cluster states", Physical Review Research 8 3, 033001 (2026).

[116] Giulia Piccitto, Matteo Wauters, Franco Nori, and Nathan Shammah, "Symmetries and conserved quantities of boundary time crystals in generalized spin models", Physical Review B 104 1, 014307 (2021).

[117] Dominik Seitz, Niklas Heim, João P. Moutinho, Roland Guichard, Vytautas Abramavicius, Aleksander Wennersteen, Gert-Jan Both, Anton Quelle, Caroline de Groot, Gergana V. Velikova, Vincent E. Elfving, and Mario Dagrada, "Tool: Qadence: A Differentiable Interface for Digital and Analog Programs", IEEE Software 42 6, 44 (2025).

[118] S. Bondza, C. Lisdat, S. Kroker, and T. Leopold, "Two-Color Grating Magneto-Optical Trap for Narrow-Line Laser Cooling", Physical Review Applied 17 4, 044002 (2022).

[119] Joshua Ramette, Josiah Sinclair, Zachary Vendeiro, Alyssa Rudelis, Marko Cetina, and Vladan Vuletić, "Any-To-Any Connected Cavity-Mediated Architecture for Quantum Computing with Trapped Ions or Rydberg Arrays", PRX Quantum 3 1, 010344 (2022).

[120] Adrian Del Maestro, Sang Wook Kim, Nicholas P Bigelow, Robert J Thompson, and Valeri N Kotov, "Quantum atomic matter near two-dimensional materials in microgravity", Quantum Science and Technology 8 4, 044002 (2023).

[121] S. S. Samarin, A. E. Tolstobrov, S. V. Sanduleanu, G. P. Fedorov, A. A. Ryabov, V. V. Vanovskiy, D. A. Kalacheva, A. N. Bolgar, V. B. Lubsanov, Sh. V. Kadyrmetov, A. M. Muraviev, E. S. Alekseeva, P. Yu. Shlykov, A. M. Yeremeyev, A. V. Vasenin, A. Yu. Dmitriev, and O. V. Astafiev, "Training Quantum Recurrent Neural Networks on a Josephson Integrated Circuit", JETP Letters 122 11, 782 (2025).

[122] En-Jui Kuo, "Quantum algorithms for Gowers norm estimation, polynomial testing, and arithmetic progression counting over finite abelian groups", Quantum Information Processing 25 5, 141 (2026).

[123] Dingchao Gao, Yongming Li, Shenggang Ying, and Sanjiang Li, "Optimal compilation strategies for QFT circuits in neutral-atom quantum computing", Scientific Reports 16 1, 2719 (2025).

[124] Thomas Bilitewski and Ana Maria Rey, "Manipulating Growth and Propagation of Correlations in Dipolar Multilayers: From Pair Production to Bosonic Kitaev Models", Physical Review Letters 131 5, 053001 (2023).

[125] Tomohiro Hashizume, Jad Halimeh, Philipp Hauke, and Debasish Banerjee, "Ground-state phase diagram of quantum link electrodynamics in $(2+1)$-d", SciPost Physics 13 2, 017 (2022).

[126] Lucas Leclerc, Luis Ortiz-Gutiérrez, Sebastián Grijalva, Boris Albrecht, Julia R. K. Cline, Vincent E. Elfving, Adrien Signoles, Loïc Henriet, Gianni Del Bimbo, Usman Ayub Sheikh, Maitree Shah, Luc Andrea, Faysal Ishtiaq, Andoni Duarte, Sam Mugel, Irene Cáceres, Michel Kurek, Roman Orús, Achraf Seddik, Oumaima Hammami, Hacene Isselnane, and Didier M'tamon, "Financial risk management on a neutral atom quantum processor", Physical Review Research 5 4, 043117 (2023).

[127] Abhijith Jayakumar, Stefano Chessa, Carleton Coffrin, Andrey Y. Lokhov, Marc Vuffray, and Sidhant Misra, "Universal framework for simultaneous tomography of quantum states and SPAM noise", Quantum 8, 1426 (2024).

[128] Andrew Litteken, Jonathan M. Baker, and Frederic T. Chong, 2022 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 566 (2022) ISBN:978-1-6654-9113-6.

[129] Wenjie Sun, Xiaoyu Li, Lianhui Yu, Zhigang Wang, Geng Chen, and Guowu Yang, "MLQM: Machine learning approach for accelerating optimal qubit mapping", Future Generation Computer Systems 173, 107906 (2025).

[130] Cody Bassett, Ishaan Ganguly, Forrest Hubert, Bryan Kaehr, Roger Ding, Yuan-Yu Jau, and Michael Gehl, CLEO 2026 AM1B.2 (2026) ISBN:978-1-957171-58-6.

[131] Stephanie M. Bohaichuk, Donald Booth, Kent Nickerson, Harry Tai, and James P. Shaffer, "Origins of Rydberg-Atom Electrometer Transient Response and Its Impact on Radio-Frequency Pulse Sensing", Physical Review Applied 18 3, 034030 (2022).

[132] Sven Jandura and Guido Pupillo, "Time-Optimal Two- and Three-Qubit Gates for Rydberg Atoms", Quantum 6, 712 (2022).

[133] Ravuri Krishna, "Quantum Science Beyond the Hype: Facts, Myths, and Realistic Progress in Physics, Chemistry, and Computing", International Journal of Computational and Theoretical Chemistry 14 1, 1 (2026).

[134] Federico Dell'Anna, Rafael Gómez-Lurbe, Armando Pérez, and Elisa Ercolessi, "Quantum natural gradient optimizer on noisy platforms: Quantum approximate optimization algorithm as a case study", Physical Review A 112 2, 022612 (2025).

[135] Felix Tennie, Sylvain Laizet, Seth Lloyd, and Luca Magri, "Quantum computing for nonlinear differential equations and turbulence", Nature Reviews Physics 7 4, 220 (2025).

[136] Mohamed Messaoud Louamri, Nacer eddine Belaloui, Abdellah Tounsi, and Mohamed Taha Rouabah, 2024 1st International Conference on Innovative and Intelligent Information Technologies (IC3IT) 1 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3315-4106-4.

[137] Tony Jin, Tristan Gautié, Alexandre Krajenbrink, Paola Ruggiero, and Takato Yoshimura, "Interplay between transport and quantum coherences in free fermionic systems", Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical 54 40, 404001 (2021).

[138] Thomas Dubé, Coline Lavit, Dia Darwich, Siddharatha Thakur, Kentin Poncelet, Mathieu Goeppner, Thomas Hilaire, Germain Guiraud, Nicholas Traynor, Adèle Hilico, and Giorgio Santarelli, "High-power, 420-nm, low-intensity-noise laser source for quantum computing applications", Optics Letters 51 9, 2696 (2026).

[139] Erik Lötstedt and Kaoru Yamanouchi, Topics in Applied Physics 151, 137 (2024) ISBN:978-3-031-55462-9.

[140] Sung-Ying Hsieh and Wai-Kei Mak, 2026 31st Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC) 184 (2026) ISBN:979-8-3315-9123-6.

[141] L. Acevedo, J. Sánchez-Cánovas, and M. Donaire, "Optical response of a binary atomic system with incoherent gain", Physical Review A 112 5, 053714 (2025).

[142] Maximilian Sohmen, Manfred J. Mark, Markus Greiner, and Francesca Ferlaino, "A ship-in-a-bottle quantum gas microscope setup for magnetic mixtures", SciPost Physics 15 5, 182 (2023).

[143] Wei-Ran Ye, Jin-Ming Cui, Yan Chen, Yi-Long Chen, Rui-Rui Li, Yun-Feng Huang, Chuan-Feng Li, and Guang-Can Guo, "An integrated laser system for manipulating trapped ions qubits", Optics & Laser Technology 186, 112694 (2025).

[144] Mao Lin, "Approximate maximum-likelihood decoding with K minimum weight matchings", Physical Review A 112 4, 042436 (2025).

[145] Simone Tibaldi, Lucas Leclerc, Davide Vodola, Edoardo Tignone, and Elisa Ercolessi, "Analog QAOA with Bayesian optimisation on a neutral atom QPU", EPJ Quantum Technology 13 1, 5 (2026).

[146] Achille Robert and Tom Bienaimé, "Qudit encoding in Rydberg-blockaded arrays of atoms", Physical Review A 113 6, 062614 (2026).

[147] Yudai Sato and Takayuki Kawahara, 2024 19th International Joint Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing (iSAI-NLP) 1 (2024) ISBN:979-8-3315-0991-0.

[148] Ferran Riera-Sàbat, Pavel Sekatski, and Wolfgang Dür, "Quantum computation with logical gates between hot systems", Physical Review Research 6 3, 033101 (2024).

[149] Thomas Noll, Christina Gehnen, and Roy Hermanns, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 15260, 201 (2025) ISBN:978-3-031-75782-2.

[150] Sachin Sharma, Yunika Kadayat, and Ranu Tyagi, 2023 3rd International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT) 1 (2023) ISBN:979-8-3503-3860-7.

[151] Claire Chevallier, Joseph Vovrosh, Julius de Hond, Mario Dagrada, Alexandre Dauphin, and Vincent E. Elfving, "Variational protocols for emulating digital gates using analog control with always-on interactions", Physical Review A 109 6, 062604 (2024).

[152] Jared D. Weidman, Manas Sajjan, Camille Mikolas, Zachary J. Stewart, Johannes Pollanen, Sabre Kais, and Angela K. Wilson, "Quantum computing and chemistry", Cell Reports Physical Science 5 9, 102105 (2024).

[153] Sridevi Kuriyattil, Pablo M. Poggi, Jonathan D. Pritchard, Johannes Kombe, and Andrew J. Daley, "Entangled States from Sparsely Coupled Spins for Metrology with Neutral Atoms", Physical Review Letters 134 24, 240801 (2025).

[154] Zakaria Patel, Ejaaz Merali, and Sebastian J Wetzel, "Unsupervised learning of Rydberg atom array phase diagram with Siamese neural networks", New Journal of Physics 24 11, 113021 (2022).

[155] Quentin Deplano, Philippe Tamarat, Brahim Lounis, and Jean-Baptiste Trebbia, "Sub-nanosecond coherent optical manipulation of a single aromatic molecule at cryogenic temperature", AVS Quantum Science 5 4, 041402 (2023).

[156] Siva Darbha, Milan Kornjača, Fangli Liu, Jan Balewski, Mark R. Hirsbrunner, Pedro L. S. Lopes, Sheng-Tao Wang, Roel Van Beeumen, Katherine Klymko, and Daan Camps, "Long-lived oscillations of metastable states in neutral atom systems", Physical Review B 110 15, 155114 (2024).

[157] Sergi Julià-Farré, Joseph Vovrosh, and Alexandre Dauphin, "Amorphous quantum magnets in a two-dimensional Rydberg atom array", Physical Review A 110 1, 012602 (2024).

[158] Xiao-Feng Shi, "Quantum logic and entanglement by neutral Rydberg atoms: methods and fidelity", Quantum Science and Technology 7 2, 023002 (2022).

[159] Jindi Wu, Tianjie Hu, and Qun Li, "A Fine-Grained and Efficient Reliability Analysis Framework for Noisy Quantum Circuits", Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 10 1, 1 (2026).

[160] Matthias M Müller, Ressa S Said, Fedor Jelezko, Tommaso Calarco, and Simone Montangero, "One decade of quantum optimal control in the chopped random basis", Reports on Progress in Physics 85 7, 076001 (2022).

[161] Stavros Efthymiou, Alvaro Orgaz-Fuertes, Rodolfo Carobene, Juan Cereijo, Andrea Pasquale, Sergi Ramos-Calderer, Simone Bordoni, David Fuentes-Ruiz, Alessandro Candido, Edoardo Pedicillo, Matteo Robbiati, Yuanzheng Paul Tan, Jadwiga Wilkens, Ingo Roth, José Ignacio Latorre, and Stefano Carrazza, "Qibolab: an open-source hybrid quantum operating system", Quantum 8, 1247 (2024).

[162] Philip D. Gregory, "Spinning states with a quantum turntable", Newton 1 9, 100258 (2025).

[163] Liubov A. Markovich, Attaallah Almasi, Sina Zeytinoğlu, and Johannes Borregaard, "Quantum memory assisted observable estimation", Quantum 9, 1655 (2025).

[164] Yu I Bogdanov, I A Dmitriev, B I Bantysh, N A Bogdanova, and V F Lukichev, "High-precision tomography of ion qubits based on registration of fluorescent photons", Laser Physics Letters 20 6, 065202 (2023).

[165] Vikas Buchemmavari, Sivaprasad Omanakuttan, Yuan-Yu Jau, and Ivan Deutsch, "Entangling quantum logic gates in neutral atoms via the microwave-driven spin-flip blockade", Physical Review A 109 1, 012615 (2024).

[166] Toonyawat Angkhanawin, Aydin Deger, Jonathan D Pritchard, and C Stuart Adams, "Graph coloring via quantum optimization on a Rydberg-qudit atom array", Quantum Science and Technology 11 2, 025012 (2026).

[167] Hossam Ahmed, Xiaolong Deng, Helmut Heller, Carla Guillen, Asim Zulfiqar, Martin Ruefnacht, Amit Jamadagni, Matthew Tovey, Martin Schulz, and Laura Schulz, 2023 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE) 154 (2023) ISBN:979-8-3503-4323-6.

[168] Benjamin F. Schiffer, Dominik S. Wild, Nishad Maskara, Madelyn Cain, Mikhail D. Lukin, and Rhine Samajdar, "Circumventing superexponential runtimes for hard instances of quantum adiabatic optimization", Physical Review Research 6 1, 013271 (2024).

[169] Mitchell J Walker, Ryuji Moriya, Jack D Segal, Liam A P Gallagher, Matthew Hill, Frédéric Leroux, Zhongxiao Xu, and Matthew P A Jones, "Painted loading: a toolkit for loading spatially large optical tweezer arrays", Quantum Science and Technology 11 1, 015047 (2026).

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Quantum computing with neutral atoms

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